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PSYCH 20 > LECTURE EIGHT > Flashcards

LECTURE EIGHT Flashcards

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1
Q

REPRESENTATION

A

Internal model linked to external stimuli or information

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2
Q

2 POSSIBILITIES OF MENTAL REPRESENTATION

A
  • Analog
  • Propositional
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3
Q

ANALOG

A

Sensory

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4
Q

PROPOSITIONAL

A

Symbolic.

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5
Q

PROPOSITIONAL REPRESENTATION

A
  • Abstract assertions that maintain relationship of referent
  • Not tied to a particular sensory modality
  • Symbolic representation
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6
Q

ANALOG REPRESENTATION

A
  • Representation has same relationships as properties of referent
  • Tied to sensory modality (in this case, visual)
  • Non-symbolic representation
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7
Q

PROPOSITIONAL VS ANALOG

A
  • Core idea here is either concepts are represented using symbolic propositional representations or coded in analog sensory modality
  • How can we design experiments to tease these two possibilities apart?
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8
Q

STUDY NAVIGATE THE ISLAND

A

DO IT

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9
Q

MENTAL ROTATION

A

First scientific investigation into imagery
* Are the two objects in (a) identical or mirror
images? What about (b)
* Response time varies linearly as a function of
degree of rotation!
- Imaging data shows increased activation alongside
increased rotation (and note location – visual
cortex!)
(BASICALLY this showed that the amount of rotation applied to the object and the response time were linear, if rotation was more, participants took longer: They’re mentally rotating the image in their head)

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10
Q

IMAGERY VS REALITY

A
  • Relative size and imagery
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11
Q

VISUALIZATION

A
  • Using imagination to simulate a task
  • “Visualize success”
  • It actually works!
  • Imagination can be highly reflective of reality
  • We are very good at predicting outcomes of actions
  • Adjust behavior based on prediction
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12
Q

MENTAL MUSCLE BUILDING

A
  • Groups
  • ABD – imagine finger abduction exercises (flexing pinky)
  • ELB – imagine elbow flexion
  • Control group
  • Actual muscle movement groups for ABD
  • Mental training groups improved strength over
    control, but less than actual movement group (35% vs.
    53%)
  • Imagery resulted in ERP increase in finger, stimulating muscle growth
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13
Q

MYTH OF IMAGELESS THOUGHT

A

Myth: Thought is separate from vision.
* Truth: Thought relies on the visual system and mental
imagery.
* Final example
* Eye movements during imagery tasks
* But there are still some important differences between imagery and perception

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14
Q

APHANTASIA

A

Lack (or extreme impoverishment) of willed visual imagery

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14
Q

BINOCULAR RIVALRY TASKS

A
  • Have participants visualize one half of binocular rivalry
    stimulus
  • Measure how frequently the imagined part is first seen /dominates visual perception when stimulus presented
  • Those with aphantasia do not show priming effect of imagery
    *Positive correlation found between strength of
    fMRI signal in visual cortex and self-reported
    vividness of mental image
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15
Q

PUPILLARY RESPONSE

A

Pupil constricts in response to brightness, dilates in response to darkness.
* Pupillary light response occurs when presented with visual stimuli, but also…
* When imagining concepts involving varying levels of
brightness
* However, same response is not seen amongst those with aphantasia!
* Aphantasics here recruited through self-selected convenience sample (posted recruitment flyer)
* Validated using binocular rivalry task

16
Q

INNER SPEECH

A
  • Speaking to yourself; talking to yourself
  • Can be more or less “grammatical” and complete
  • Some people report little, if any, inner speech
17
Q

INNER MONOLOGUE

A
  • Narration of own life and life events
  • Associated with the default mode network in the brain
  • Some people report little, if any, inner monologue
18
Q

APHANTASIA FINDINGS

A
  • Aphantasia can be congenital or acquired
  • Mostly anecdotal at this point (reddit) with one clear case of aphantasia follow surgery
  • This patient could do mental rotation – but RT not related to degree of rotation!
  • Some reports of acquired aphantasia related to trauma
  • Case studies suggest…
  • Impaired verbal working memory when task is challenging, but no same impairment on pure imagery task
  • Deficits in autobiographical (episodic) memory
  • Sustained benefits to imagery after ingesting ayahuasca (DMT) in someone with acquired aphantasia
  • No benefits to imagery (even during intoxication) after
    ingesting DMT in someone with congenital aphantasia
19
Q

HYPERPHANTASIA

A

Super vivid imagination that affects the senses and daily life

20
Q

DANGERS OF INNNER MONOLOGUE AND SPEECH

A
  • Dehumanization and extreme (justified) polarization
  • The specific metaphor here has to do with video games and NPC characters – no agency
  • If someone has no agency, no mind, no will, no soul…well I’ll let you connect the dots here on how this can be a problem
21
Q

INNER MONOLOGUE/SPEECH ASSOCIATED WITH

A
  • High “default mode network” activity
  • Greater likelihood of auditory hallucinations
  • Rumination, shame, and perfectionism
  • Anxiety and depression
  • Anecdotal reports that inner monologue becomes more noticeable (and negative) during depressive episodes
22
Q

DEFAULT MODE NETWORK

A
  • Strong connectivity between pre-frontal cortex,
    posterior cingulate cortex, and angular gyrus
  • Active during “rest” in fMRI
  • Associated with thought, autobiographical memory
    analysis, reflection, and many tasks involving some sort
    of introspection; basically, the “ego”
  • “Default” brain activity is that of mind-wandering,
    introspection, prospective thinking, depressive rumination, insomnia…
  • Reduction in DMN activity and connectivity is associated with the opposite, “living in the
    moment”, “being present”, “quieting the mind”
23
Q

REDUCING DMN

A

Meditation is associated with reduction in DMN activity
* Meditation also associated with improvement in a whole host of negative mental outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety…)
* Exercise is associated with reduction in DMN activity
* Obesity associated with INCREASE in DMN activity – exercise brings back to baseline
* Exercise also associated with improvement in negative mental health
* Psychedelic states are associated with increased
connectivity throughout the brain and corresponding
inhibition of DMN activity
* Psychedelic therapy being investigated (with very promising results) for treating same mental pathologies
* Subjective reports of “ego-death” and loss of self correlates with DMN inhibition

PSYCH 20 (14 decks)

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