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Gross Anatomy Exam 4 > LECTURE: Ear > Flashcards

LECTURE: Ear Flashcards

1
Q

The ear is divided into

A
  • external ear
  • middle ear
  • internal ear
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2
Q

Part of the ear that is projecting from the side of the head but also the canal leading inward

A

external ear

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3
Q

Part of the ear that opens into the pharynx through a narrow tube

A

middle ear

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4
Q

The middle ear is separated from the external ear by what?

A

the tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Part of the ear that has to do with hearing and balance

A

internal ear

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Comprised of elastic cartilage and skin, it collects sound waves and funnels them to the external auditor meatus

A

auricle

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

The blood supply of the lateral auricle is from

A

twigs (auricular branches)

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10
Q

Twigs (auricular branches) are from what artery?

A

superficial temporal artery

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11
Q

The medial auricle is supplied by which artery?

A

the auricular branch of the posterior auricular artery

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12
Q

The auricular branch of the posterior auricular artery is a branch of which artery?

A

the external carotid

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13
Q

The nerves supplying the auricle is from which nerve? (3)

A
  1. the auriculotemporal nerve (from V3)
  2. the great auricular nerve (from cervical plexus)
  3. the lesser occipital nerve (from cervical plexus)
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14
Q

A fibrous membrane with a thin layer of skin its lateral side and mucosa on its medial side

A

tympanic membrane

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15
Q

It slopes from superior-lateral to inferior-medial, with a concavity toward the meatus.

A

tympanic membrane

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16
Q

A central depression in the concavity of the tympanic membrane is called the

A

umbo

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17
Q

The umbo is formed by the attachment of the end of the handle of one of the auditory ossicles called the…

A

malleus

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18
Q

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane are relayed to the

A

ossicles

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19
Q

General sensation from the external auditory meatus and the external surface of the tympanic membrane is carried mainly by which nerve?

A

the auriculotemporal branch of V3

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20
Q

Which nerves carry sensation from the external surface of the tympanic membrane and inferior aspect of the external meatus?

A

CN VII (facial) and X (vagus)

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21
Q

The internal surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by which nerve?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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22
Q

Contents of the middle ear

A
  1. auditory ossicles
  2. stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
  3. chorda tympani and tympanic nerves
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23
Q

Components of the auditory ossicles

A

malleus, stapes, incus

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24
Q

Walls of the middle ear (tympanic) cavity is formed by the

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone

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25
Q

Shaped somewhat like a box, with convex medial and lateral walls

A

Walls of the middle ear (tympanic) cavity

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26
Q

Lateral convexity of the wall of middle ear cavity is formed from what?

A

promontory

(the tympanic membrane and the medial convexity)

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27
Q

The roof of the middle ear is called the

A

tegmental wall

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28
Q

The roof of the middle ear is somewhat elevated, allowing additional space called the

A

epitympanic recess

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29
Q

The posterior, or mastoid, wall of the middle ear has an opening called the

A

aditus

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30
Q

The aditus leads to what space?

A

the mastoid antrum

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31
Q

What communicates with mastoid air cells in the middle ear?

A

the mastoid antrum

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32
Q

The floor of the middle ear is called the

A

jugular wall

(because the bulb of the internal jugular vein is below)

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33
Q

The ______ span the lateral and medial walls of the middle ear.

A

ossicles

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34
Q

The medial wall also has two apertures, or windows called

A
  1. the oval (vestibular) window
  2. the round (cochlear) window
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35
Q

The oval window is covered by the _____ and the round window is covered by a ____.

A

The oval window is covered by the stapes** and the round window is covered by a **membrane.

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36
Q

The ___________ enters the temporal bone through the internal auditory meatus and travels in the wall of the tympanic cavity.

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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37
Q

The chorda tympani nerve, a branch of _________, courses through the middle ear cavity, between malleus and incus.

A

facial nerve

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38
Q

A branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the tympanic nerve, forms a plexus in the tympanic cavity called the

A

tympanic plexus

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39
Q

The tympanic plexus carries sensory information from the tympanic cavity and part of it travels through the cavity as the

A

lesser petrosal nerve

40
Q

The anterior wall of the tympanic cavity is called the

A

carotid wall

(because of the proximity of the carotid artery)

41
Q

There are two openings in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity - what are they?

A
  1. 1 occupied by the tensor tympani muscle
  2. opening for the pharngotympanic tube
42
Q

The pharyngotympanic tube is also called the

A

eustachian tube or auditory tube

43
Q

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

allows communication between the middle ear (tympanic) cavity and the nasopharynx

44
Q

A slender ribbon of muscle whose origin is the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the pharyngotympanic tube and insertion is the handle of the malleus.

A

tensor tympani

45
Q

Which muscle(s) contracts in response to loud sounds to protect the ear from damage?

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

46
Q

Innervation of the tensor tympani

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)

47
Q

A very small projection of bone called the pyramid provides for the attachment of ________.

A

stapedius

48
Q

This muscle runs from the pyramid to the stapes and tenses in response to loud sounds to protect the ear from damage.

A

stapedius

49
Q

Innervation of stapedius

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

50
Q

Components of the auditory ossicles

A

malleus,

51
Q

Which part of the ear contains the vestibulocochlear organ?

A

inner ear

52
Q

The vestibulocochlear organ’s function

A

the reception of sound and the maintenance of balance

53
Q

The inner ear consists of a bony labyrinth

A

otic capsule

54
Q

The bony labyrinth can be subdivided into

A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
55
Q

What makes up the vestibular complex?

A

vestibule + semicircular canals

56
Q

Inside the bony vestibule are two membranous dilations called the

A

utricle and the saccule

57
Q

The utricle and the saccule are connected by

A

a slender passageway continuous with the endolymphatic duct

58
Q

The endolymphatic duct emerges through the bone of the

A

posterior cranial fossa

59
Q

What is the storage reservoir for endolymph?

A

endolymphatic sac

60
Q

The utricle and saccule each have a specialized area of sensory epithelium called

A

macula

61
Q

What contain hair cells with their processes embedded in a gelatinous layer which is covered by a densely packed layer of (calcium carbonate) crystals?

A

maculae

62
Q

The calcium carbonate crystals are called

A

otoconia or otoliths

63
Q

How does the ear let the brain know the position of the head?

A

changing the position of the head causes a shift in the position of the otoconia, which stimulates the hair cells, and the information is carried by the vestibulocochlear nerve

64
Q

Inside the bony semicircular canals are the 3 semicircular ducts called:

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. lateral
65
Q

The semicircular ducts are set at what angles to each other?

A

right angles

66
Q

At one end of each semicircular duct is a dilation called an _______, which contains a sensory area called crista ampullaris.

A

ampulla

67
Q

Each crista ampullaris contains hair cells (much like those located in the maculae) which have projections (cilia) embedded in a gelatinous structure called a ____.

A

cupula

68
Q

What happens when the head rotates in the plane of the canal?

A

movement of the endolymph along the canal axis pushes the cupula and distorts the receptor processes

69
Q

Fluid movement in one direction _______ them and in the other direction _______ them

A

Fluid movement in one direction stimulates** them and in the other direction **inhibits them.

70
Q

A “nod” moves perilymph in the

A

anterior canal

71
Q

Shaking the head “no” moves the perilymph into the

A

lateral canal

72
Q

Tilting the head to the side moves perilymph in the

A

posterior canal

73
Q

Information of movement in the semicircular canals and ducts travels through which nerve?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

74
Q

Which part of the ear is concerned with hearing?

A

cochlea

75
Q

The cochlea makes ____ turns around a bony core

A

2 ½

76
Q

The bony core which the cochlea wraps around is called the

A

modiolus

77
Q

The axis of the modiolus is perpendicular to the long axis of the

A

petrous portion of the temporal bone

78
Q

If you cut a cross-section through a turn of the cochlea you would notice that the _______ helps separate it into three regions.

A

membranous labyrinth

79
Q

What are the 3 regions that the membranous labyrinth divides the cochlea into?

A
  1. cochlear duct (scala media)
  2. vestibular duct (scala vestibule)
  3. tympanic duct (scala tympani)
80
Q

Cochlear duct

A

scala media

81
Q

vestibular duct

A

scala vestibule

82
Q

tympanic duct

A

scala tympani

83
Q

The cochlear duct is filled with what fluid

A

endolymph

84
Q

What fluid between the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph

85
Q

The membrane between the cochlear duct and the tympanic duct is called the

A

basilar membrane

86
Q

This organ sits on the basilar membrane

A

the spiral organ of Corti

87
Q

Consists of rows of hair cells

A

The organ of Corti

88
Q

The hair cells which have their cilia in contact with

A

the tectorial membrane

89
Q

When the basilar membrane oscillates in response to waves in the fluid, the hair cells

A

move with it

90
Q

Since the cilia of the hairs cells are in contact with a tectorial membrane (which is not moving), they become…

A

distorted and relay information to the brain through the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (sound conduction)

91
Q

The cell bodies of the primary afferent neurons of the spiral organ are found where?

A

the spiral ganglion within the modiolus

92
Q

The bony labyrinth is supplied by the same blood vessels that supply the …

A

adjacent parts of the temporal bone

93
Q

The membranous labyrinth is supplied by the

A

labyrinthine artery

94
Q

The labyrinthine artery comes from

A

m the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or directly from the basilar

95
Q

The labyrinthine artery travels through the internal auditory meatus with which nerves?

A

CN VII and VIII

96
Q

A Summary of the Conduction of Sound

A
  1. sound waves collected by the auricle are passed into the external auditory meatus
  2. vibrations of the tympanic membrane are relayed to the ossicles
  3. vibrations of stapes are transferred to the perilymph through the oval (vestibular) window
  4. vibrations of the perilymph are transmitted to the basilar membrane
  5. vibrations of the basilar membrane result in displacement of hair cell cilia
  6. neurons from hair cells respond to movement by depolarizing

Gross Anatomy Exam 4 (13 decks)

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