Lecture: Chp 2 Flashcards
Non functional, temporary for storage
Inclusions
Controls protein synthesis
Nucleus
Difference between inclusions and vesicles
Vesicles have membranes surrounding them.
Functions of the ER
- Rough ER: Synthesizes protein, plasma membrane, and lysosomes. Smooth ER: Steroid, fatty acid, and phospholipid synthesis. 2. Txp through CISTERNAL SPACE (space inside ER) 3. Stores newly made molecules. 4. Detoxifies Drugs and alcohol.
“Traffic director”
Golgi bodies. Translocation requires ATP.
Functions of the golgi bodies
Modification of plasma membrane, packages enzymes for lysosomes, sorts all material for delivery to plasma membrane.
Autolysis
Digesting remains after cell death. Cell commits suicide. This is a job for the lysosomes.
What digests microbes (phagocytosis) and salutes (pinocytosis) and special molecules (receptor-mediated endocytosis)?
Lysosomes. The process that includes those 3 is endocytosis.
Which organelle removes worn out or damaged organelles and cellular components?
Lysosomes
What is Autophagy?
Natural, regulated, recycling of small molecules for re-synthesis. This is a job for the lysosomes.
Lysosomal storage disease
Tay-Sacks disease
What organelle converts hydrogen peroxide to water?
Peroxisomes
Organelle that carries out cellular respiration
Mitochondria
Endosymbiont theory involves what organelle?
Mitochondria. The theory’s evidence is that mitochondria has its own DNA therefore it’s possible that in the past mitochondria functioned outside the cell.
Mitochondrial eve
Most common recent ancestor of all currently living humans. Line traced through all mother until it reaches a mother that everyone comes from hella long ago.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Missing protein for moving an enzyme into the peroxisomes. Lorenzo’s oil is based on this. Adrenal gland dysfunction.
mtDNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Mutation of mtDNA that decreases ATP production
MELAS - Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis, Stroke
Encephalopathy
Any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative disorders.
Each ribosome has a small and large what?
Subunit. This means there is a large chunk of something stuck to a smaller chunk of something.
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
Motility
Movement
“Cell-suicide”
Apoptosis. Orderly, genetically programmed cell death. Removes potentially dangerous cells. Example: cancer cells.
Cell death from tissue injury
Necrosis. Pathological cell death. Adjacent cells die.
Cilia
Work together to move materials for fluids along the surface of the cell. Occur in large numbers. Come from centrosomes.
Flagella
Similar to cilia except longer and singular. Only found in sperm.
Appendages extending from the surface of the cell
Cilia and flagella
What makes ribosomes
Nucleoli
How does cell division in somatic cells differ from sex cells?
Number of chromosomes stays the same in somatic cells. Number of chromosomes is halved in sex cells
Prophase
1st phase. Chromatin and condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear membrane and nucleosis disappear. Spindle forms. Centrosomes separate from each other.
Metaphase
Chromosomes are pulled to the equator forming the metaphase plate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids get pulled apart to become chromosomes. Shortest phase.
Telophase
Opposite of prophase.
Cells multiplying faster than they die results in what?
Tumor
When can benign tumors be harmful?
When compressing brain tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or the airway.
Metastasize
Spreading from one organ to another by way of blood or lymph.
Telomeres
At the end of chromosomes. Prevent unraveling of DNA.
Centromere
Holds the two sister chromatids together.
What are the proteins inside centromere that microtubules attach to?
Kinetochore. Kinetochore microtubules.
Functions of the Centrioles / Centrosomes
Organizes microtubules when cell is not dividing. Forms the spindle when cell is dividing. Had kinetochore microtubules that pull apart sister chromatids.
