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Anatomy > Lecture: Chp 2 > Flashcards

Lecture: Chp 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Non functional, temporary for storage

A

Inclusions

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2
Q

Controls protein synthesis

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Difference between inclusions and vesicles

A

Vesicles have membranes surrounding them.

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4
Q

Functions of the ER

A
  1. Rough ER: Synthesizes protein, plasma membrane, and lysosomes. Smooth ER: Steroid, fatty acid, and phospholipid synthesis. 2. Txp through CISTERNAL SPACE (space inside ER) 3. Stores newly made molecules. 4. Detoxifies Drugs and alcohol.
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5
Q

“Traffic director”

A

Golgi bodies. Translocation requires ATP.

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6
Q

Functions of the golgi bodies

A

Modification of plasma membrane, packages enzymes for lysosomes, sorts all material for delivery to plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Autolysis

A

Digesting remains after cell death. Cell commits suicide. This is a job for the lysosomes.

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8
Q

What digests microbes (phagocytosis) and salutes (pinocytosis) and special molecules (receptor-mediated endocytosis)?

A

Lysosomes. The process that includes those 3 is endocytosis.

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9
Q

Which organelle removes worn out or damaged organelles and cellular components?

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

Natural, regulated, recycling of small molecules for re-synthesis. This is a job for the lysosomes.

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11
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

Tay-Sacks disease

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12
Q

What organelle converts hydrogen peroxide to water?

A

Peroxisomes

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13
Q

Organelle that carries out cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

Endosymbiont theory involves what organelle?

A

Mitochondria. The theory’s evidence is that mitochondria has its own DNA therefore it’s possible that in the past mitochondria functioned outside the cell.

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15
Q

Mitochondrial eve

A

Most common recent ancestor of all currently living humans. Line traced through all mother until it reaches a mother that everyone comes from hella long ago.

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16
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

Missing protein for moving an enzyme into the peroxisomes. Lorenzo’s oil is based on this. Adrenal gland dysfunction.

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17
Q

mtDNA

A

Mitochondrial DNA

18
Q

Mutation of mtDNA that decreases ATP production

A

MELAS - Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis, Stroke

19
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative disorders.

20
Q

Each ribosome has a small and large what?

A

Subunit. This means there is a large chunk of something stuck to a smaller chunk of something.

21
Q

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

22
Q

Motility

A

Movement

23
Q

“Cell-suicide”

A

Apoptosis. Orderly, genetically programmed cell death. Removes potentially dangerous cells. Example: cancer cells.

24
Q

Cell death from tissue injury

A

Necrosis. Pathological cell death. Adjacent cells die.

25
Q

Cilia

A

Work together to move materials for fluids along the surface of the cell. Occur in large numbers. Come from centrosomes.

26
Q

Flagella

A

Similar to cilia except longer and singular. Only found in sperm.

27
Q

Appendages extending from the surface of the cell

A

Cilia and flagella

28
Q

What makes ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

29
Q

How does cell division in somatic cells differ from sex cells?

A

Number of chromosomes stays the same in somatic cells. Number of chromosomes is halved in sex cells

30
Q

Prophase

A

1st phase. Chromatin and condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear membrane and nucleosis disappear. Spindle forms. Centrosomes separate from each other.

31
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled to the equator forming the metaphase plate

32
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids get pulled apart to become chromosomes. Shortest phase.

33
Q

Telophase

A

Opposite of prophase.

34
Q

Cells multiplying faster than they die results in what?

A

Tumor

35
Q

When can benign tumors be harmful?

A

When compressing brain tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or the airway.

36
Q

Metastasize

A

Spreading from one organ to another by way of blood or lymph.

37
Q

Telomeres

A

At the end of chromosomes. Prevent unraveling of DNA.

38
Q

Centromere

A

Holds the two sister chromatids together.

39
Q

What are the proteins inside centromere that microtubules attach to?

A

Kinetochore. Kinetochore microtubules.

40
Q

Functions of the Centrioles / Centrosomes

A

Organizes microtubules when cell is not dividing. Forms the spindle when cell is dividing. Had kinetochore microtubules that pull apart sister chromatids.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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