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The Reproductive System > Lecture 9.1: Breastfeeding and Human Lactation > Flashcards

Lecture 9.1: Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Mammary Gland Average Weight

A

150-200g

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2
Q

Mammary Gland Average Weight in Lactation

A

400-500g

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3
Q

Mammary Gland Structure

A
  • 15-20 lobules
  • 10 – 100 alveoli per lobule
  • Alveolus – myoepithelial cells and lactocytes (secretory
    cells)
  • Areola
  • Montgomery’s Tubercles (mammary milk glands,
    sebaceous glands, areolar glands)
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4
Q

Development of Breast Tissue (5 Stages)

A
  • Mammogenesis
  • Lactogenesis I
  • Lactogenesis II
  • Galactopoiesis
  • Involution
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5
Q

When do the breasts develop in gestation?

A

4 weeks

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6
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Mammogenesis

A
  • Develops at 4 weeks gestation
  • Born with only a few ducts
  • Puberty: growth with each ovulation
  • Ducts branch and develop buds
  • Under influence of oestrogen and progesterone
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7
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Lactogenesis I

A
  • 1st phase (proliferation)
  • Hypertrophy of the ductal-lobular-alveolar system
  • 2nd phase (secretory)
  • 16wks pregnancy alveoli accumulate colostrum
  • Breast size increases
  • Areola and nipple size increases
  • Fat droplet accumulate in alveoli cells
  • Plasma lactose and alpha-lactalbumin
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8
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Lactogenesis II

A
  • Day 3-8 postpartum
  • Spaces between alveolar cells close
  • Triggered by drop in progesterone
  • Continuing presence of Prolactin
  • Onset of copious milk production
  • Endocrine to autocrine control
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9
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Galactopoiesis

A
  • Day 9 to Involution
  • Maintenance of secretion
  • Autocrine control – supply matches demand
  • Breast size decrease 6-9 months
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10
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Galactopoiesis

A
  • Day 9 to Involution
  • Maintenance of secretion
  • Autocrine control – supply matches demand
  • Breast size decrease 6-9 months
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11
Q

Development of Breast Tissue: Involution

A
  • Decrease in milk secretion
  • Apoptosis - programmed cell death
  • High sodium levels
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12
Q

Synthesis of Milk: In Alveolar Cells

A
  • Fat in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Protein secreted via golgi apparatus
  • Sugar synthesised and secreted
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13
Q

Synthesis of Milk: Stages of Synthesis

A
  • Early Colostrum
  • Late Colostrum
  • Early transitional
  • Late transitional
  • Mature Milk
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14
Q

GALT

A

Gastrointestinal Associated Immunocompetent Lymphoid Tissue

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15
Q

BALT

A

Bronchial Associated Immunocompetent Lymphoid Tissue

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16
Q

Name the Antibodies and Immunoglobulins

A
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
17
Q

Bio Active Components of Breastmilk (5 Categories)

A
  • Enzymes
  • Lipids
  • Growth Factor and Hormones
  • Whey
  • Casein
18
Q

Growth Factors and Hormones found in Breastmilk (5)

A
  • Human Milk Growth Factors I II and III
  • Cortisol, insulin, thyroxine, cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Prolactin
  • Insulin-like Growth Factor
  • Thyroxine and Thyroptropin-Releasing Hormone
19
Q

Enzymes found in Breastmilk (2)

A
  • Lipase
  • Amylase
20
Q

Lipids found in Breastmilk (2)

A
  • Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
  • Free Fatty Acids
  • Triglycerides
21
Q

What is the Roles of Casein in Breastmilk (2)

A

Inhibits microbial adhesion to mucosal membranes

22
Q

What does Whey contain?

A

Immunological factors

23
Q

Milk Secretion Axis

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland (prolactin, oxytocin)
  • Oxytocin stimulates the uterus & myoepithelial cell
  • Prolactin stimulates myoepithelial cells
  • Lacteal
24
Q

How many times does anterior pituitary release prolactin in 24 hours?

A

7 to 20 times

25
Q

What is the Inhibitory Pathway of Prolactin?

A
  • Dopamine agonist
  • Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF) (antagonists)
26
Q

Oxytocin is released in response to…?

A

suckling, and sight and smell of baby

27
Q

What does Oxytocin stimulate?

A
  • Milk Ejection Reflex
  • Contraction of myoepithelial cells
  • Pulsatile waves
  • Forces milk from the alveoli down the ducts
  • Key to lactation continuation
28
Q

Why is Breastfeeding Important? (6)

A
  • Nutrition
  • Babies Fewer Infections
  • Brain Growth
  • Responsive Parenting
  • Comfort
  • Pain Relief

The Reproductive System (19 decks)

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