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The Reproductive System > Lecture 11.2: Male Genital Tract Tumours > Flashcards

Lecture 11.2: Male Genital Tract Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What Tumours can occur in the Male Reproductive System? (8)

A
  • Prostate Adenocarcinoma
  • Penis Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Testis Germ Cell Tumours
  • Urethra Transitional Cell Carcinoma
  • Penis Benign Warts – Squamous Papilloma
  • Scrotum Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Inflammatory Mass Lesions simulating a tumour
  • Invasion from Local Cancer
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2
Q

What are the 3 Zones of the Prostate?

A
  • Central Zone
  • Transition Zone
  • Peripheral Zone
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3
Q

What can occur in the Transitional Zone of the Prostate?

A
  • Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Squeezes the urethra
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4
Q

What zone of the prostate do cancers occur in?

A

The Peripheral zone

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5
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium of the prostate gland?

A

Double layered epithelium:
* Inner Secretory (makes PSA)
* Outer Basal Cells

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6
Q

What happens to the double layer epithelium of the prostate in cancer?

A

The 2-layer morphology is lost

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7
Q

Effect of BPH on Urethra: Early BPH

A

Prostate enlargement causes urethral constriction

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8
Q

Effect of BPH on Urethra: Moderate BPH

A

Urethra is narrowed by benign growth of the prostate

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9
Q

Effect of BPH on Urethra: Advanced BPH

A
  • Urethra is nearly fully obstructed
  • Causes thickened bladder wall
  • Can lead to bladder diverticula or stones
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10
Q

Management of BPH (3)

A
  • Resection of Prostate
  • Finasteride
  • Alpha Blockers
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11
Q

How do Alpha Blockers help manage BPH?

A

These medications relax the muscle of the prostate and bladder neck, which allows urine to flow more easily

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12
Q

Risk Factors for Prostatic Cancer

A
  • Age
  • Ethnicity: African-American
  • Family History
  • Several Genetic Links
  • Diet
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13
Q

Why do Eunuchs not get Prostate Cancer?

A

Chemically shutting down or surgically removing the main source of testosterone—the testes—can slow the spread of prostate cancer

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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer (7)

A
  • Asymptomatic in Early Stage
  • Trouble Urinating
  • Polyuria
  • Decreased force of Urination
  • Difficulty starting or stopping urine stream
  • Blood in semen & urine
  • Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area
  • Bone pain = metastases
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15
Q

How can Prostate Adenocarcinoma spread? (3)

A
  • Direct local invasion (seminal vesicles & bladder base)
  • Blood stream
  • Lymphatics
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16
Q

Gleason Pattern Scale

A

1: Small Uniform Glands
2: More space between glands
3: Distinct infiltration of cells from gland at margins
4: Irregular masses of neoplastic cells with few glands
5: Lack of or occasional glands, sheets of cells

17
Q

Prostate Cancer TNM Staging: T1 to T4

A

T1 = incidental finding
T2 = confined to prostate
T3 = extension outside
T4 = direct invasion of contiguous organs

18
Q

Why is PSA not a good test for diagnosis of Prostatic Cancer?

A

PSA levels can be raised due to several reasons, including infection, trauma, BPH, UTIs and prostate cancer

19
Q

What Neoplasm can occur in the Penis? (4)

A
  • Squamous Papilloma (condyloma, wart)
  • Carcinoma in situ
  • Bowen’s Disease
  • Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
20
Q

Classic Microscopic Features of Malignancy (6)

A
  • Cellular Atypia
  • Large Cells
  • Bizarre Nuclei
  • Prominent Nucleoli
  • Atypical Mitoses
  • Apoptoses
21
Q

Risk Factors for Penile Carcinoma (6)

A
  • HPV 16 infection
  • HIV infection (prognosis worsened)
  • Not circumcised
  • Hygiene
  • Specific infection risk
  • Cigarette smoking
22
Q

Germ Cell Tumours of the Testicles (5)

A
  • Seminoma
  • Embryonal Carcinoma
  • Yolk Sac (endodermal sinus) Tumour
  • Choriocarcinoma
  • Teratoma
23
Q

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumours of the Testicles (2)

A
  • Leydig Cell Tumour
  • Sertoli Cell Tumour
24
Q

Pathogenesis of Testis Tumours (3)

A
  • Cryptorchidism (undescended testis)
  • Dysgenesis of the testis
  • Inherited genetic factor
25
Q

How does a Seminoma Present?

A
  • Presents as a mass in the testis
  • Soft white fleshy mass
26
Q

Management of Seminoma

A
  • One of the most curable of cancers
  • Excision of the whole testis
  • Exquisitely radio- and chemotherapy sensitive
27
Q

Leydig Cell Tumour

A
  • Small tumours
  • Endocrine secreting – androgens, sometimes
    oestrogens
  • Gynaecomastia; precocious puberty
  • 10% are malignant

The Reproductive System (19 decks)

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