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The Reproductive System > Lecture 7.1: Foetal Growth & Development > Flashcards

Lecture 7.1: Foetal Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average length of pregnancy/gestation?

A

40 weeks

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2
Q

How is pregnancy counted?

A
  • From the first day of the woman’s last period
  • Not the date of conception which generally occurs two
    weeks later
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3
Q

EDD by LMP is calculated by…?

A

Adding 280 days (40 weeks) to the first day of the last menstrual period

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4
Q

What is Gestational Age?

A

It is the age of the pregnancy from the last normal menstrual period (LMP)

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5
Q

What is Foetal Age?

A

It is the actual age of the growing baby

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6
Q

What is Crown-Rump Length (CRL)?

A

It is the measurement of the length of human embryos and foetuses from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump)

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7
Q

When is CRL measured? Why is it done?

A
  • 7 & 13 weeks
  • To date the pregnancy & estimate EDD
  • Rule out ectopic
  • Confirm number of foetuses
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8
Q

When does Foetal Period start?

A
  • From week 10 of gestation (week 8 of foetal
    development)
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9
Q

What happens during the Foetal Period? (5)

A
  • All the systems have formed during the embryonic
    stage and continue their development during the fetal
    stage
  • Increase in size of baby
  • Increase in protein mass at first and then adipose
    tissue
  • There are significant changes at birth.
  • Even at birth the body systems have not yet completed
    their development
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10
Q

At birth what is the the average weight, head circumference & length of a baby boy?

A
  • Weight of 3.5kg
  • Head circumstance of 35cm
  • Length of 52 cm
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11
Q

What weeks is the Germinal Period?

A

0 to 2 weeks

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12
Q

What weeks is the Embryonic Period?

A

2-8 week after fertilisation

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13
Q

What weeks is the Foetus Period?

A

8 weeks to birth

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14
Q

What weeks is the Neonatal Period?

A

Birth to 4 weeks

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15
Q

What is a Preterm Neonate?

A

<37 weeks

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16
Q

What is a Very Preterm Neonate?

A

28 to 32 weeks

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17
Q

What is an Extremely Preterm Neonate?

A

Less than 28 weeks

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18
Q

What is the Neonatal Period?

A

Birth to 1 month

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19
Q

What is the Infancy Period?

A

1 month to 2 years

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20
Q

What is the Childhood Period?

A

2 years to puberty

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21
Q

What is the Puberty Period?

A

12 years to mid-teens

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22
Q

What is the Young Adult Period?

A

Late teens to early twenties

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23
Q

What is Very Low Birth Weight?

A

1500 grams

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24
Q

What is Low Birth Weight?

A

<2500 grams

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25
Q

What is Macrosomia?

A
  • Excessive birth weight
  • > 4500g
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26
Q

What should be supplemented in the Pre-Natal/Ante-Natal Period?

A
  • Vitamin D supplementation
  • Folic acid
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27
Q

What should be avoided in the Pre-Natal/Ante-Natal Period? (4)

A
  • Listeriosis: Drink only pasteurised or UHT milk
  • Do not eat ripened soft cheese
  • Do not eat pâté
  • Do not eat uncooked or undercooked ready-prepared
    meals/eggs
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28
Q

How is Pregnancy split up?

A

Pregnancy is also divided into three 13 week trimesters

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29
Q

What happens to the mother in the 1st Trimester?

A

Rapid influx of hormones causes intense pregnancy symptoms

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30
Q

What happens to the mother in the 2nd Trimester?

A
  • Most symptoms stop
  • Pregnancy starts to show
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31
Q

What happens to the mother in the 3rd Trimester?

A

Extra weight makes it hard to sleep and move

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32
Q

What Trimester can the baby’s heartbeat first be heard?

A

1st trimester

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33
Q

What is the baby’s size and weight at the end of the 1st Trimester?

A
  • 2.9”
  • 0.8oz/22g
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34
Q

When can the baby’s gender be revealed?

A
  • 2nd Trimester
  • 18-20 weeks
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35
Q

What is the baby’s size and weight at the end of the 2nd Trimester?

A
  • 14”
  • 1.7lbs/771g
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36
Q

What is the baby’s size and weight at the end of the 3rd Trimester?

A
  • 20.3”
  • 8.1lbs/3600g
37
Q

Down syndrome risk at maternal age 20 years

A

1:1528

38
Q

Down syndrome risk at maternal age 44 years

A

1:37

39
Q

Down syndrome risk at maternal age 50 years

A

1:6

40
Q

What is Nuchal Translucency (NT)?

A

It is the sonographic appearance of a collection of fluid under the skin behind the foetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy

41
Q

What is Nuchal Fold Thickness?

A

It is similar to Nuchal Translucency, but refers to the measurement in second trimester

42
Q

Why are Nuchal Translucency & Nuchal Fold Thickness important?

A

Detect chromosomal abnormalities

43
Q

What is the “Combined Test”? What does it test for?

A
  • Nuchal translucency (NT)
  • Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin
  • Pregnancy associated plasma protein- A
  • Screens for Down’s, Edwards’ & Patau’s between 11-14
    weeks
44
Q

What is the “Quadruple Test”? What does it test for?

A
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Total human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
  • Unconjugated oestriol (uE3)
  • Inhibin-A
  • Only screens for Downs
45
Q

Why may the baby not growing as much as expected? (4)

A
  • Normal small baby
  • Pathology in baby
  • Placental problems
  • Maternal Health (only in extreme maternal ill health)
46
Q

What is the Bi-Parietal Diameter (BPD)?

A

The distance between the parietal bones of the foetal skull

47
Q

What is the Bi-Parietal Diameter (BPD) used in combination with to assess growth in Trimesters 2 & 3?

A
  • Abdominal Circumference
  • Femur Length
48
Q

Why can Macrosomia be harmful?

A

Difficult birth
Post natal hypoglycaemia
Surfactant deficiency

49
Q

Why can Macrosomia occur? (3)

A
  • Foetal Hyper-insulinism, e.g. infant of mother with
    diabetes
  • Overweight mother
  • Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
50
Q

What is the Barker Hypothesis?

A
  • Advocates that the origins of chronic diseases of adult
    life lie in foetal responses to the intrauterine
    environment
  • Specifically, it suggests that the genesis of adult-onset
    chronic diseases originates through foetal adaptations
    to undernourishment
51
Q

When does Respiratory System development begin?

A

Week 4

52
Q

When does Cardiovascular System development begin?

A

Week 3

53
Q

By what day is heart pumping blood?

A

Day 21-22

54
Q

When does Urinary System development begin?

A

Week 4

55
Q

What week does foetal kidney function begins?

A

Week 10

56
Q

What is Oligohydramnios?

A

When you have too little amniotic fluid

57
Q

What is Potter’s Sequence? What conditions can cause it?

A
  • Describes the typical physical appearance caused by
    pressure in utero due to oligohydramnios
58
Q

Why can Potter’s Sequence or Oligohydramnios occur? (6)

A
  • Infantile polycystic kidney disease
  • Renal hypoplasia
  • Obstructive uropathy
  • Foetal renal failure
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes
59
Q

How often is amniotic fluid “turned over”?

A

Every 3hrs

60
Q

Amniotic fluid volume is …..ml at 38 weeks

A

1000

61
Q

Amniotic fluid volume reduces to ….ml at 42 weeks

A

500

62
Q

In early pregnancy what is amniotic fluid formed from?

A

Formed from maternal blood and from foetal extracellular fluid by diffusion across non-keratinised skin

63
Q

In later pregnancy what is amniotic fluid formed from?

A

Fluid is produced by the renal tract and urine makes up a significant portion of amniotic fluid, the foetus then swallows amniotic fluid

64
Q

What is Polyhydramnios?

A

Too much amniotic fluid around the baby during pregnancy

65
Q

Why can Polyhydramnios occur?

A

Inability to swallow amniotic fluid such as in oesophageal atresia and anencephaly

66
Q

How can amniotic fluid volume be measures?

A

Ultrasound

67
Q

What embryonic layer is the nervous system derived from?

A

Ectoderm

68
Q

When does Nervous System begin development?

A

Week 3

69
Q

Myelination (by the Schwann cells) of brain begins in what month?

A

Month 4

70
Q

Is myelination complete at birth?

A

Myelination is NOT complete at birth e.g. corticospinal tract is not fully myelinated

71
Q

At birth most of the neonate’s movements are

A
72
Q

At birth most of the neonate’s movements are…?

A

Spinal reflexes

73
Q

With myelination of the corticospinal tracts the “higher” centres over-ride these spinal reflexes and voluntary movements develop by….of life

A

1st year

74
Q

What happens if corticospinal tracts are damaged?

A

Persistence of spinal reflexes leading to the features of cerebral palsy and in a stroke

75
Q

When can foetus begin moving?

A

Week 6

76
Q

Maternal awareness of foetal movements from …. weeks onwards

A

17

77
Q

What is Meconium?

A
  • Meconium is a newborn’s first poop
  • This sticky, thick, dark green poop is made up of cells,
    protein, fats, and intestinal secretions, like bile
78
Q

Why can Meconium occur in-utero? How does it present?

A
  • This can happen when babies are “under stress” due
    to a decrease in blood and oxygen supply
  • Green amniotic fluid when waters break
79
Q

What are the 2 Types of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?

A

Asymmetrical and Symmetrical

80
Q

What is Asymmetrical IUGR? What percentage of IUGRs does it represent?

A
  • The baby’s head and brain are the expected size, but
    the rest of the baby’s body is small (abdominal
    circumference small)
  • 70%
81
Q

What is Symmetrical IUGR? What percentage of IUGRs does it represent?

A
  • All parts of the baby’s body are similarly small in size
  • 30%
82
Q

What 2 circumferences are used to consider IUGR?

A

Abdominal
Head

83
Q

What 2 circumferences are used to consider IUGR?

A
  • Abdominal
  • Head
84
Q

What conditions can cause Asymmetrical IUGR?

A

Usually due to maternal systemic disease (e.g., hypertension) that results in placental insufficiency

85
Q

What conditions can cause Symmetrical IUGR? (3)

A
  • Genetic Disorder (e.g., aneuploidy)
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Early intrauterine TORCH infection that affects the
    foetus early in gestation
86
Q

What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?

A

Caused by genetic mutations that affect the tiny hairline cilia in the lungs, nose and ears, impairing their ability to remove germs and pollutants, and allowing mucus buildup and infection

87
Q

What is Placenta Accreta?

A

Serious pregnancy condition that occurs when the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall, can lead to haemorrhage after birth

88
Q

What is Placenta Increta?

A

The placenta attaches itself even more deeply into the muscle wall of the uterus

89
Q

What is Placenta Percreta?

A

The placenta attaches itself and grows through the uterus, sometimes extending to nearby organs, such as the bladder

The Reproductive System (19 decks)

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