Lecture 9: Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamins are essential for development of ________ tissues
- animal
- human

Answer 1

animal

Question 1

Vitamins are _________ compounds
- organic
-inorganic

Answer 1

organic

Question 2

They are required in _______ amounts for normal metabolism
- large
-small

Answer 2

small

Question 3

Vitamins are distinct from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as they are not used a source of ______
- energy
- enzyme

Answer 3

enzyme

Question 4

In 1906 _____ showed “ accessory food factors” that were different than carbohydrates, fat and proteins
- Funk
-Hopkins

Answer 4

Hopkins

Question 5

In 1912______ introduced the term vitamine, where vita meant life and amine meant contains nitrogen. He later discovered that only a few contained nitrogen, some the term was changed from vitamine to vitamin
- Funk
-Hopkins

Answer 5

Funk

Question 6

Vitamins are classified based on their __________ properties
- Solvent
- Solubility

Answer 6

Solubility

Question 7

______ soluble vitamins are soluble in fat. These vitamins include Vit ___, Vit____, Vit _____, and Vit _____.

Answer 7

Fat, Vit A , Vit K, Vit E and Vit D

Question 8

Fat soluble vitamins are __________, which means they need the help of fat to dissolve

Answer 8

Hydrophobic

Question 9

Vitamin_____ is ( retinol) and pertains to the skin
- D
-E
-A

Answer 9

A

Question 10

Vitamin _____ is known as calciferol. This vitamin helps with the regulation of calcium levels in the body
- B
- C
-A
-D

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Vitamin ____ also known as tocopherol. This vitamin is a antioxidant that prevents oxidative breakdown ( antioxidant- free radical scavenger) cancer and aging.
- D
- E
-K
- B

Answer 11

E

Question 12

Vitamin ____ is also known as phylloquinone. This vitamins main role is to help maintain normal blood clots and to help blood coagulate properly.
- A
-B
E
-K

Answer 12

K

Question 13

_______ soluble vitamins, are soluble in water. These vitamins include Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxines, Cobalamins, Pantothenic acid, Folic Acid, Biotin, Choline, and Ascorbic Acid.

Answer 13

Water

Question 14

B vitamins include Thiamin, _________, Niacin, Pyridoxines, ___________

Answer 14

Riboflavin, Cobalamins

Question 15

___________ acid is know as Vitamin C

Answer 15

Ascorbic

Question 16

Skeletal formation and maintenance is due to Vitamin ___ and Vitamin ____

Answer 16

A and D

Question 17

Maintenance of epithelial ( skin) cells lining the body is due to Vitamin ___

Answer 17

A

Question 18

Prevents oxidative breakdown ( antioxidant- free radical scavenger), cancer and aging is due to Vitamin ___ and Vitamin ___

Answer 18

E and A

Question 19

The increase of Calcium ( Ca) and Phosphorus ( P ) absorption is due to Vitamin ____

Answer 19

D

Question 20

Maintenance of normal vision is due to vitamin ___

Answer 20

A

Question 21

Normal blood clotting is due to vitamin ____

Answer 21

K

Question 22

Metabolism in the body
Energy and protein metabolism
____________ for enzymes( substance that is required for an enzyme to be active.
- Coenzyme
- enzyme

Answer 22

Coenzyme

Question 23

Coenzymes for enzymes include ________ (b1), _________( B2), __________(B3),_________(B6), _______________(B12), ________________ ( B5)

Answer 23

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Cyanocobalamin, and pantothenic acid

Question 24

___________ increase disease resistance
-oxidants
-antioxidants, which is Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin ___)

Answer 24

Antioxidants, C

Question 25

Vitamins _____ need to be broken down or digested.

Answer 25

don’t

Question 26

However some vitamin esthers attached to other compounds need to be hydrolyzed to a ______ form
- solid
- free

Answer 26

free

Question 27

Vitamins are absorbed mostly through the ________ __________( fat soluble vitamins). Vitamins are more effectively absorbed with dietary ____. Vitamins rely on fat absorption mechanisms known as ________. _______ soluble vitamins are absorbed via ______ and passive transport

Answer 27

small intestine, fat, micelles, active

Question 28

Most vitamins _____ be synthesized by animals, so vitamins are _______ in a diet.
Vitamin precursors include Beta- Carotene which is a precursor for vitamin A. Ergosterol and Cholesterol which is a precursor that forms vitamin D when the animal skin is exposed to UV light.

Answer 28

can’t, needed ,

Question 29

The only EXCEPTION is Vitamin ___ . It can be synthesized by many mammals. Mammals that can’t synthesize vit ___ are _______, primates, and guinea pigs, fruit eating bats.

Answer 29

C, C, Humans

Question 30

Microbes can synthesize ____ complex vitamins and vitamin ____

Answer 30

B-, K

Question 31

Non- Ruminants have a dietary requirement for both ______ and ______ soluble vitamins.

Answer 31

water and fat

Question 32

Ruminants have a dietary requirement for some ____ soluble vitamins, ( Vit, A , D, E ). Ruminants do not have a dietary requirement for ____ complex vitamins, vitamin ___ and vitamin ___

Answer 32

fat, B , C, K

Question 33

Water soluble vitamins synthesized by the rumen microbes can be absorbed in the _______ intestine

Answer 33

small

Question 34

Vitamin absorption from the large intestine is ____
( except from some B vitamins and vitamin K)

Answer 34

poor

Question 35

Vitamin ____ deficiency
Night ________( impaired rhodopsin formation)
Dermatitis ( skin inflammation) and scaly skin.

Answer 35

A, Blindness

Question 36

Vitamin ___ Deficiency
Rickets ( deformed bone growth) in young
Osteomalacia ( excessive mineral mobilization)

Answer 36

D

Question 37

Vitamin ____ deficiency ( selenium)
white muscle disease ( muscular dystrophy) muscle degeneration due to free radical damage

Answer 37

E

Question 38

Vitamin ____ defiency
Anemia ( low red blood cells) due to tissue hemorrhaging in chicks

Answer 38

K

Question 39

Deficiency of _____ soluble vitamins . Most are ________ for enzymes so deficiency symptoms are somewhat simliar.

Answer 39

water, coenzymes

Question 40

___________ ( s- containing Vit B1) Deficiency
Poor appetite and ______ in pigs and chickens. Polyneuntis ( head retraction) in chickens, is a nervous system disorder similar to beriberi. Polioencephalomalacia ( PEM) in ruminants, Rumen microbes generally synthesize adequate B vitamins, but Thiamin can be destroyed by bacterial thiaminase. Also Called STAR GAZING OR CIRCLING DISEASE.

Answer 40

Thiamin, growth

Question 41

_________ ( Vit B2) deficiency
poor appetite and growth in pigs and chickens
Opthalmicia ( moon blindness) in horses

Answer 41

Riboflavin

Question 42

______________ ( b12) deficiency
severe growth retardation in young animals
uncoordinated hind leg movement in pigs.
wasting ( emaciation) in ruminants.
If Copper is deficient, rumen microbes can’t synthesize Vit B12. Vit B12 is needed for normal VFA metabolism

Answer 42

Cobalamin

Question 43

_______ _______ ( Vit C) Deficiency
no deficiency ( farm animals can synthesize vit c )

Answer 43

Asobic Acid

Question 44

___________________ ( Vitamin Toxicity
________ soluble Vitamins
Toxicity in _____ soluble vitamins is unlikely because they are poorly stored in the body tissues and excess is rapidly excreted in urine
______ Soluble vitamins
if you consume _____ much it can be toxic
Hypervitaminosis causes loss of apetite, poor growth, diarrhea, scaly skin and irritability
Hypervitaminosis causes hypercalemia which results in Calcium deposits in arteries and organs. Animals have loss of appetite, excessive thirst and irritability.

Answer 44

Hypervitaminosis, Water, Fat, too

Question 45

Why do cattle that consume grain or grass have yellow fat and cattle that consume yellow corn have white fat?

Answer 45

Vitamin A