Lecture 9: Vitamins Flashcards
Vitamins are essential for development of ________ tissues
- animal
- human
animal
Vitamins are _________ compounds
- organic
-inorganic
organic
They are required in _______ amounts for normal metabolism
- large
-small
small
Vitamins are distinct from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as they are not used a source of ______
- energy
- enzyme
enzyme
In 1906 _____ showed “ accessory food factors” that were different than carbohydrates, fat and proteins
- Funk
-Hopkins
Hopkins
In 1912______ introduced the term vitamine, where vita meant life and amine meant contains nitrogen. He later discovered that only a few contained nitrogen, some the term was changed from vitamine to vitamin
- Funk
-Hopkins
Funk
Vitamins are classified based on their __________ properties
- Solvent
- Solubility
Solubility
______ soluble vitamins are soluble in fat. These vitamins include Vit ___, Vit____, Vit _____, and Vit _____.
Fat, Vit A , Vit K, Vit E and Vit D
Fat soluble vitamins are __________, which means they need the help of fat to dissolve
Hydrophobic
Vitamin_____ is ( retinol) and pertains to the skin
- D
-E
-A
A
Vitamin _____ is known as calciferol. This vitamin helps with the regulation of calcium levels in the body
- B
- C
-A
-D
D
Vitamin ____ also known as tocopherol. This vitamin is a antioxidant that prevents oxidative breakdown ( antioxidant- free radical scavenger) cancer and aging.
- D
- E
-K
- B
E
Vitamin ____ is also known as phylloquinone. This vitamins main role is to help maintain normal blood clots and to help blood coagulate properly.
- A
-B
E
-K
K
_______ soluble vitamins, are soluble in water. These vitamins include Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxines, Cobalamins, Pantothenic acid, Folic Acid, Biotin, Choline, and Ascorbic Acid.
Water
B vitamins include Thiamin, _________, Niacin, Pyridoxines, ___________
Riboflavin, Cobalamins
___________ acid is know as Vitamin C
Ascorbic
Skeletal formation and maintenance is due to Vitamin ___ and Vitamin ____
A and D
Maintenance of epithelial ( skin) cells lining the body is due to Vitamin ___
A
Prevents oxidative breakdown ( antioxidant- free radical scavenger), cancer and aging is due to Vitamin ___ and Vitamin ___
E and A
The increase of Calcium ( Ca) and Phosphorus ( P ) absorption is due to Vitamin ____
D
Maintenance of normal vision is due to vitamin ___
A
Normal blood clotting is due to vitamin ____
K
Metabolism in the body
Energy and protein metabolism
____________ for enzymes( substance that is required for an enzyme to be active.
- Coenzyme
- enzyme
Coenzyme
Coenzymes for enzymes include ________ (b1), _________( B2), __________(B3),_________(B6), _______________(B12), ________________ ( B5)
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Cyanocobalamin, and pantothenic acid
___________ increase disease resistance
-oxidants
-antioxidants, which is Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin ___)
Antioxidants, C
Vitamins _____ need to be broken down or digested.
don’t
However some vitamin esthers attached to other compounds need to be hydrolyzed to a ______ form
- solid
- free
free
Vitamins are absorbed mostly through the ________ __________( fat soluble vitamins). Vitamins are more effectively absorbed with dietary ____. Vitamins rely on fat absorption mechanisms known as ________. _______ soluble vitamins are absorbed via ______ and passive transport
small intestine, fat, micelles, active
Most vitamins _____ be synthesized by animals, so vitamins are _______ in a diet.
Vitamin precursors include Beta- Carotene which is a precursor for vitamin A. Ergosterol and Cholesterol which is a precursor that forms vitamin D when the animal skin is exposed to UV light.
can’t, needed ,
The only EXCEPTION is Vitamin ___ . It can be synthesized by many mammals. Mammals that can’t synthesize vit ___ are _______, primates, and guinea pigs, fruit eating bats.
C, C, Humans
Microbes can synthesize ____ complex vitamins and vitamin ____
B-, K
Non- Ruminants have a dietary requirement for both ______ and ______ soluble vitamins.
water and fat
Ruminants have a dietary requirement for some ____ soluble vitamins, ( Vit, A , D, E ). Ruminants do not have a dietary requirement for ____ complex vitamins, vitamin ___ and vitamin ___
fat, B , C, K
Water soluble vitamins synthesized by the rumen microbes can be absorbed in the _______ intestine
small
Vitamin absorption from the large intestine is ____
( except from some B vitamins and vitamin K)
poor
Vitamin ____ deficiency
Night ________( impaired rhodopsin formation)
Dermatitis ( skin inflammation) and scaly skin.
A, Blindness
Vitamin ___ Deficiency
Rickets ( deformed bone growth) in young
Osteomalacia ( excessive mineral mobilization)
D
Vitamin ____ deficiency ( selenium)
white muscle disease ( muscular dystrophy) muscle degeneration due to free radical damage
E
Vitamin ____ defiency
Anemia ( low red blood cells) due to tissue hemorrhaging in chicks
K
Deficiency of _____ soluble vitamins . Most are ________ for enzymes so deficiency symptoms are somewhat simliar.
water, coenzymes
___________ ( s- containing Vit B1) Deficiency
Poor appetite and ______ in pigs and chickens. Polyneuntis ( head retraction) in chickens, is a nervous system disorder similar to beriberi. Polioencephalomalacia ( PEM) in ruminants, Rumen microbes generally synthesize adequate B vitamins, but Thiamin can be destroyed by bacterial thiaminase. Also Called STAR GAZING OR CIRCLING DISEASE.
Thiamin, growth
_________ ( Vit B2) deficiency
poor appetite and growth in pigs and chickens
Opthalmicia ( moon blindness) in horses
Riboflavin
______________ ( b12) deficiency
severe growth retardation in young animals
uncoordinated hind leg movement in pigs.
wasting ( emaciation) in ruminants.
If Copper is deficient, rumen microbes can’t synthesize Vit B12. Vit B12 is needed for normal VFA metabolism
Cobalamin
_______ _______ ( Vit C) Deficiency
no deficiency ( farm animals can synthesize vit c )
Asobic Acid
___________________ ( Vitamin Toxicity
________ soluble Vitamins
Toxicity in _____ soluble vitamins is unlikely because they are poorly stored in the body tissues and excess is rapidly excreted in urine
______ Soluble vitamins
if you consume _____ much it can be toxic
Hypervitaminosis causes loss of apetite, poor growth, diarrhea, scaly skin and irritability
Hypervitaminosis causes hypercalemia which results in Calcium deposits in arteries and organs. Animals have loss of appetite, excessive thirst and irritability.
Hypervitaminosis, Water, Fat, too
Why do cattle that consume grain or grass have yellow fat and cattle that consume yellow corn have white fat?
Vitamin A
