LECTURE 5: CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Carbohydrates are the major components of ________( livestock feeds)
plants
In forages up to ______% of DM is carbohydrates.
In grains up to _______% of DM is carbohydrates
-70%
-85%
COMPOSITION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- They chemically consist of ____ , ____, _____.
- For every 2 ____ there is a _____.
- Hydrates of carbon are formed in plants by combining _____ and ____ which is photosynthesis.
- C, H, O
- hydrogen there is a oxygen
- CO2 and H2O
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- _________________ ( 1 sugar molecule )
- ______________ ( 5 sugars)
ex: Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose
- _____________( 6 sugars )
ex: glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose
- _______________( 2 sugar molecules )
- _____________( glucose- alpha- glucose)
- ______________( glucose - beta- galactose)
-______________( glucose - alpha- fructose)
-_____________( glucose- beta- glucose)
- Ollgo and Polysaccharides ( >_______ sugar molecules)
-___________ ( contain 5 sugars )
ex: Araban , Xylan
-_________________ contain 6 sugars
- __________________ alpha linkages of glucose
-___________________ unbranched alpha 1:4
- ________________ unbranched alpha 1:6
-_________________ alpha linkages of glucose
-_____________ is basically starch but it’s what animals make
- Monosaccharides
- Pentoses
- Hexoses
- Disaccharides
-maltose - lactose
- sucrose
- cellobiose
- 2 sugar molecules
- Pentosans
- hexosans
- starch
- amylose
- amylopection
- glycogen -
- glycogen
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- ___________ B linkages of glucose
- Carbohydrates are used as ______ (ATP)
- Fiber is ________
- _________ can’t break b linkages but ________ can which goes in a cow as ____
- Mixed Polysaccharides
- Hemicellulose, Pectins , Gums
- Cellulose
- energy
- sugar
- ## Cow’s , microbes, VFA
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Major source of _______
- energy is required for __________( body temp, heart rate, breathing, growth, activity, production)
- structural components of plant_______ ______ ( cellulose and hemicellulose)
-_________ ________ ( glycolipids)
- _______________ ( proteglycans)
-_____ and RNA
- Energy
- Maintenance
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- cartilage
-DNA
DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- most carbohydrates can’t be _______
- they need to be _______ ________ ( digested or fermented ) to _____________ ( simple sugar) and ____________ (VFA) which are __________, _________, ________.
- Carbohydrates digestibility depends on ____________ between simple sugars.
- Non Structural Carbohydrates (NSC) have ______ linkages ( ex: starch)
- Structural Carbohydrates ( SC) have ______ linkages ( ex: cellulose)
- Mammals/ Animals _________, _________, ________, secrete ________ that cleave ____ linkages only
- end products are ____________( ex: glucose)
- Anaerobic Microorganisms are found in ______ and ________ _________ and secrete _________ that cleave to both ____ and _____ linkages
- When cows eat corn the ____________ in the rumen ferment glucose to ______,
End Products are ______
- absorbed
- broken down, monosaccharides , organic acids, acetate, proponate, butyrate
-linkages - alpha
- beta
- saliva, pancreas and duodenum, enzymes , alpha
- monosaccharides
- rumen and large intestine ,enzymes, alpha and beta
- microorganisms , VFA,
- VFA
ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES ( NON RUMINANTS)
- Monosaccharides ( simple sugar)
___________ _______ of di and polysaccharide digestion.
- Absorbed by the ________ _________
- glucose and glactose absorption is energy dependant
- active transport va SGLT1 ( Sodium glucose transportation)
- Glucose absorb glucose in blood with help of salt.
IN RUMINANTS
_______________ acetate, propionate, butyriate)
- end products of _______ __________ fermentation of carbohydrates
- absorbed by the ______ and _______ by diffusion ( passive transport)
- end products
- small intestine
- VFA
- Anerobic microbial
- rumen and LI
CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENTS
- little evidence of dietary requirements for any specific carbohydrates by mammals
- ultimate source of ________ for most animal tissue ( glucose)
- Non Ruminants effectively utilize _______ ________ carb ( a linkages )
- Ruminants / Horse utilize both _______ _______ a linkages and ________ _______ b linkages
- energy
- non structural carbohydrates
- non structural, structural
CARBOHYDRATE DEFIENCY
- Ketosis is a disorder in ________ and _________ metabolism.
- Common is ________ and ___________ animals
- CAUSES
- A blood ______ causes mobilization of ______ faster than what it can be used for _______
- result is a production of ________ ( acidic)
-SYMPTOMS
-Weight _________, decreased _________ production and ________ in pregnant animals
PREVENTION
- Avoid excess ______ in pregnant animals and increase _______ supply during last semester of pregnancy and during lactation.
STARVATION
- _________ food consumption
- Carbohydrates are not the only source of ________
-alternative energy sources include _____and _______
- Carbohydrate and Lipid
- lactating and pregnant
- drain , fat, energy
- Ketones
- loss, milk and abortion
- fatness, energy
- inadequate
- energy
- fat and proteins
