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Biomedical Pharmacology > Lecture 9- Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin?

A

When the superficial layer of uterine endometrium is shed

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2
Q

When does the endometrium regenerate?

A

Follicular phase of the cycle after menstrual flow has stopped

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3
Q

Where is Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secreted from?

A

Peptidergic neurons in the hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner

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4
Q

What does the GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release?

A

Gonadotrophic hormone; Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH)

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5
Q

Where does the gonadotrophic hormone act on?

A

Ovaries to stimulate the release of oestradiol, progesterone and other ovarian hormones

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6
Q

What does Graafian follicle release ?

A

Oestrogen

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7
Q

What effect does GnRH have on anterior pituitary which releases FSH and LH?

A

Positive effect

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8
Q

What is FSH responsible for ?

A

Development of Graafian follicle over the first part of menstrual cycle Lead to ovulation

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9
Q

What is LH responsible for ?

A

Maintaining the corpus lutetium

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10
Q

What is the 2 phases of menstrual cycle?

A

Pre-ovulation follicular phase Post-ovulation luteal Phase

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11
Q

Where does oestrogen have a negative feedback on?

A

Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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12
Q

What happens in the first 14 days ?

A

Development of Graafian follicle and production of more oestrogen

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13
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Stimulate the expression of more progesterone receptors within uterine lining therefore promoting the effects of progesterone in development of uterine lining

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14
Q

What does a gradual level of oestrogen do ?

A

Prompt a surge level in FSH and LH

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15
Q

What does surging LH promote ?

A

Ovulation

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16
Q

What is the role of progesterone in late phase of cycle?

A

Proliferation of endometrium lining For implantation of fertilised ovum

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17
Q

What is the uses of oestrogen ?

A
  1. Hormone Replacement Therapy a) hypo-ovarian conditions b) menopause 2. Contraception 3. Menstrual disorders
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18
Q

What is the uses of progestogen?

A
  1. Hormone Replacement Therapy 2. Contraception 3. Endometriosis 4. Endometrial Cancer
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19
Q

What is the uses of Androgens?

A
  1. Male contraception 2. Androgen Replacement Therapy ?
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20
Q

What is the most important synthetic form when looking at contraception?

A

Ethinyloestradiol

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21
Q

What is the role of Hormone Replacement Therapy?

A

To maintain bone integrity

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22
Q

What does drop in oestrogen level lead to

A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

What happens with fluctuations of oestrogen level?

A

Predisposed to some form of cancer

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24
Q

What have been used in male contraception?

A

Progesterone and progesterone derivative

25
Q

What are anti-oestrogen?

A

Compound that block oestrogen receptors

26
Q

What is clomiphene?

A

Causes pituitary gland to release a hormone needed to stimulate ovulation non-steroidal oestrogen receptor antagonist Administered during early part of cycle Ovulation rates greater with clomiphene Therapy

27
Q

What does Clomiphene block?

A

Negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary GnRH, FSH and LH secretion are increased as a result of the block to the negative feedback

28
Q

What is the main aim of contraceptive mechanism?

A

Suppress mid cycle FSH and prevent LH surge

29
Q

What is more potent than progesterone ?

A

Oestrogen

30
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Progestogen inhibit motility Oestrogen enhances motility causing abnormal rates of ovum transport

31
Q

Ovary

A

Estrogen inhibit ovulation by blocking Gn surge Progestogen much weaker but has same effect

32
Q

Endometrium

A

Sustained levels of estrogen or progestogen cause asynchronous development Less receptive to implantation

33
Q

Cervical mucus

A

Progestogen causes secretion of thick viscid mucus hostile to sperm

34
Q

What has be done incorporated as long acting formulation?

A

Levonorgestrel

35
Q

What is a major constituent of contraceptives ?

A

Synthetic compound Ethinyloestradiol

36
Q

What does combined oral contraceptive pill contain?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

37
Q

What is oral contraceptive pill efficacy reduced by?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

38
Q

What does broad-spectrum antibiotic do?

A

Reduce enterohepatic recirculating of oestrogen by killing gut flora

39
Q

What can oral contraceptive pill be used for?

A

Normalise abnormal periods/abnormal menstrual cycle

40
Q

What does oestrogen inhibit ?

A

Secretion of FSH

Suppresses development of the ovarian follicle

41
Q

What does progesterone inhibit?

A

Secretion of LH Prevent ovulation Make cervical mucus less suitable for the passage of sperm

42
Q

Why does oestrogen and progesterone act in concert?

A

Alter the endometrium

43
Q

What is the function of oestrogen and progesterone ?

A

Regulation of the reproductive cycle

44
Q

What can combined contraceptive pill lead to?

A

Cardiovascular disorders

45
Q

What can oestrogen can regulate ?

A

Levels of circulating lipids

46
Q

What are the benefits of contraceptive pill?

A

Reduction in ovarian/endometrial cancer risk HDL/LDL (oestrogen) Normalise dysfunctional uterine bleeding

47
Q

What are the drawbacks of contraceptive pill?

A 
Association between use and breast/cervical cancer risk                                     Thromboembolism                                        Ischaemic heart disease/stroke                             Hypertension                                                                       HDL/LDL (progestogens)                                          
Androgenic effects (progestogens)                              Mood
48
Q

What is the progestogen only pill?

A

Low dose progestogen Ovulation still takes place Menstruation is normal

49
Q

What is the mechanism of action of progestogen only pill?

A

Thickening of cervical mucus preventing sperm penetration Causes suppression of gonadotrophin secretion and occasionally ovulation

50
Q

What is the 12-month pregnancy rates?

A

1-13%

51
Q

What is the alternative methods of contraceptive delivery?

A
  1. Injection 2. Patch 3. Vaginal ring
52
Q

Where does male contraceptives act upon?

A

Testes to stimulate the production of Testesterone from Leydig cells and to promote the development of sperm within Sertoli cells

53
Q

Where does testosterone have negative feedback on?

A

Level of pituitary and hypothalamus

54
Q

What is another term for progestogen?

A

Gestagen

55
Q

Where are new sperm cells created?

A

Testicles

56
Q

Where is Vasalgel injected?

A

vas deferens as a contraceptive

57
Q

What is gas deferens?

A

Tube that sperm pass through on the way to the penis

58
Q

What is contraceptive?

A

Long acting and reversible

59
Q

What is Viagra?

A

Drug that blocks the enzyme phosphodiesterase V

Biomedical Pharmacology (19 decks)

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