Lecture 16: Performing Enhancing Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is used for the treatment of ADHD?

A

Methylphenidate

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2
Q

What is used for narcolepsy?

A

Modafinil

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3
Q

What is the constitute of cigarettes?

A

Nicotine

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4
Q

What does nicotine affect?

A

The cholinergic system

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5
Q

What is nicotine?

A

ACH agonist

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6
Q

What does nicotine stimulate?

A

ACH receptors which are ionotropic receptors

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7
Q

What can the administration of nicotine improve?

A

Performance

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8
Q

Who are more sensitive to the effects of nicotine?

A

Smokers

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9
Q

Is the mean reaction time quicker or slower for smokers or non smokers

A

Smokers

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10
Q

In what terms does nicotine have a cognitive enhancing function?

A

Visual information processing Reaction time

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11
Q

Where was the performance study done?

A

Radical arm maze

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12
Q

What is the radial arm maze?

A

Set of runways that all radiate out from the central point

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13
Q

In term of the radial arm maze, what is found to be an improved cognitive performance?

A

Making less repeated arm entries

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14
Q

What does the administration of nicotine allow animal to do?

A

Remember where it has been > improved cognitive performance (spatial working memory)

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15
Q

In a specific region of the brain there is a confirmation of nicotinic ACH receptors, what are they referred to as?

A

Alpha-beta composition

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16
Q

Where does nicotine have an effect upon?

A

Hippocampus (spatial memory)

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17
Q

What happens when nicotine stimulates receptors within hippocampus and other brain regions?

A

Bring positive modulatory effects in terms of how the animal performs on anything that depends on its spatial awareness and spatial memory

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18
Q

In how many modalities does nicotine have cognitive enhancing abilities?

A

One

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19
Q

What is working memory?

A

Processing information in short term

20
Q

What Brain region is important in looking at working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

21
Q

Where is prefrontal cortex locates?

A

Front of the brain in the medial regions where there is a split between two hemispheres

22
Q

What does methylphenidate improve?

A

Short term working memory Long term delayed working memory

23
Q

What is the role of functional imaging (Fmri)?

A

Someone performs a cognitive task within mri scanner - detect regions of brain that become most active

24
Q

What are the cognitive enhancing effect prevented by?

A

Alpha 2 or D1 receptor antagonist

25
Q

Where do you get more information from?

A

Experimental studies where you get local administration with ritlan into brain regions

26
Q

What does methylphenidate block and how is this demonstrated?

A

Blocks re-uptake of catecholamine (dopamine and noradrenaline) - in vivo micro dialysis

27
Q

What does methylphenidate increase?

A

PFC levels of both dopamine and noradrenaline

28
Q

What is in-Vivo micro dialysis?

A

Discrete sampling from brain regions of levels of neutrotransmitters

29
Q

How does in vivo micro dialysis work ?

A

Place a dialysis probe into a brain region of interest Perfume dialysis probe with artificial CSF (saline) - this goes through dialysis probe which at its tip have dialysis membrane (free diffusion if many substances including neurotransmitter) Any neutrotransmtter released down into brain down concentration gradient into probe Collect the perfusate and assay it to determine the levels of neurotransmitter of interest

30
Q

In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) what do you have an increase of?

A

Dopamine and noradrenaline

31
Q

What does the D1 receptor activation reduce ?

A

Noise through CAMP mediated ion channel effect

32
Q

What does increasing levels of noradrenaline stimulate?

A

Alpha 2A receptor - enhances signal

33
Q

What does modafinil improve?

A

Pattern recognition Digit span recall Mental arithmetic Spatial memory Attention Planning

34
Q

What are the effects on cognition Influenced by?

A

Motivation Level of arousal Task difficulty

35
Q

What is the effect of Modafinil dependent upon?

A

Baseline performance (reports of decreased performance with high base line)

36
Q

Action of modafinil

A

Involvement of catecholaminergic systems

37
Q

What was suggested that modafinil inhibits?

A

Dopamine transporter

38
Q

What are the potential substrates for the action of modafinil?

A

Histamine Orexin ACH 5-HT Glutamate Dopamine GABA

39
Q

What does modafinil influence

A

LTP which is a key phenomen in memory processing

40
Q

Where does modafinil have strength on?

A

Synapses

41
Q

What is modafinil less likely to induce ?

A

Reported Anxiogenic effects

42
Q

What lower incidence do you have with modafinil ?

A

Cardiovascular system effects

43
Q

What can you get with u-shaped effect?

A

Memory impairment

44
Q

What are the side effects of modafinil?

A

Effect on sleep and wakefulness - affects long term potentiation May unpair working memory in developing brain at clinically relevant doses Abuse potential much lower than psychostimulants Lack of reported anxiogenic effects Lower incidence of cardiovascular system effects

45
Q

What are the side effects of methylphenidate?

A

Abuse potential Alteration of circadian rhythms Anxiogenic Memory impairment Increased liability for OCD, additive behaviours, loss of cognitive flexibility