Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedical Pharmacology > Lecture 8 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes?

A

The inability to regulate plasma glucose within normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does absolute or relative insulin deficiency lead to?

A

Hyperglycaemia Glycosuria (glucose in the urine) Polyuria (production of large volumes of dilute urine) Polydipsia (intense thirst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diabetic level?

A

> 7.8mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is postprandial level?

A

> 11.1 mol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two types of diabetes?

A

Insulin-dependent (autoimmune) Non-insulin dependent (obesity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does diabetes regulate?

A

Metabolism of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are digestive food capable of stimulating?

A

B cells and releasing insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of GIT hormone and what does it do?

A

Incretins and it is responsible for stimulating B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can sulfonylureas be used to do?

A

Elevate the release of insulin from B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when insulin binds to its receptor?

A

Dimerisation of the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is glucose taken up?

A

Recruitment of glucose transporters and insertion of these into membrane of target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens when there is a desensitised non-functioning receptor?

A

No recruitment of glucose transporters and hence constantly elevated levels of blood glucose Glucose won’t be able to be processed or stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the many effects of intermediaries of kinases that effect glucose utilisation?

A

Increased formation of glycogen, protein and fat Increased uptake of glucose Increased utilisation of glucose Decrease formation of glucose from glycogen, fat and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are type I diabetes?

A

Pancreatic B cells are destroyed by an auto immune T cell attack Complete inability to secrete insulin and ketoacidosis is a problem Apparent at young age Body can still respond to injection and introduction of insulin into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are consequences of type I diabetes?

A

Lipolysis is Increased - production of ketone bodies from fatty acids Ketonuria and metabolic acidosis - bodily fluid become hypertonic Cellular dehydration (hyperosmar coma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is type II diabetes?

A

Insulin is often secreted as 50% of the B cells that remain active Peripheral resistance to insulin Common in population enjoying affluent life-style Increase with age and degree of obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the long term complications of diabetes?

A

Effect upon heart and coronary circulation Neuropathy - nerve damage (mobilisation of lipids within body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are diabetics prescribed statins?

A

Regulate blood lipids

20
Q

How is insulin normally administered?

A

Injection

21
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A

Rapid acting to long-acting

22
Q

What does onset mean

A

Length of time before insulin reaches the bloodstream

23
Q

What does peak mean?

A

Time period when insulin is most effective

24
Q

What is duration?

A

How long insulin works for

25
Q

What happens when 2 forms of insulin are combined?

A

Correctly mimic what is happening in unaffected individual

26
Q

What are the several causes of Hypoglycaemia?

A

Insulin dose is too large Individual has missed a meal Physical exertion

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypoglycaemia?

A

Mental confusion Palpitations Sweating Trembling
Coma

28
Q

What are the treatment of Hypoglycaemia ?

A

Glucagon administration Rapid glucose administration

29
Q

What are the immune-mediated responses of Hypoglycaemia ?

A

Insulin allergy Immune mediated insulin resistance

30
Q

What are the consideration before pharmacological intervention?

A

Dietary modification or lifestyle changes can reduce the severity of the diabetes being suffered from

31
Q

What does level of glycated haemoglobin correlate with?

A

Individual overall health status in terms of severity of diabetes

32
Q

How can you risk the risk of many complications associated with chronic conditions?

A

Lower glycated haemoglobin and control type II diabetes

33
Q

Lowering HbA1c

A

Indicator of overall status of severity of diabetes Used as a marker of severity of diseased individual Glycosylated Hb test: determine how well a persons diabetes is being controlled over time

34
Q

What is Oral hypoglycaemic ?

A

Anti-diabetic drug designed to help people with type II diabetes to manage their condition

35
Q

What can alpha-glucosidase inhibitor affect?

A

Absorption of food including glucose across the gut Affect upon glucose levels

36
Q

What does hepatic glucose overproduction do?

A

Affect overall liver function Gluconeogenesis, lymphatic glucose production from stored fats or complex carbohydrates

37
Q

What are the major sites of action of oral Hypoglycaemics?

A

Beta-cell dysfunction Insulin resistance Glucose absorption Hepatic glucose overproduction

38
Q

Biguanides -metformin

A

Do not require functioning beta-cell for their therapeutic effect

39
Q

What is the postulated mechanisms for Biguanides?

A

Slow down Gastrointestinal tract absorption of glucose Increase the uptake of glucose into skeletal muscle Reduced glucagon levels Decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis Do not cause hypoglycaemia or simulate appetite

40
Q

What is mechanism of action of sulphonylureas?

A

Block ATP-dependent K+ channels (K-ATP) Bind to ATP binding cassette Protein (ABC protein) which in turn causes the channel to close Closure of this channel results in B cell depolarisation, calcium entry and insulin release Strong correlation between affinity for this binding sire and clinical efficacy

41
Q

What does Glinides do?

A

Modulate B-cell insulin release (regulate K+ efflux via KATP) Controls post-prandial Glucose Increases (restores initial insulin secretion)

42
Q

What is Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones) ?

A

Insulin sensitizers Act on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma

43
Q

What is incretin?

A

Endogenous compounds that can promote insulin release

44
Q

What are examples of GLp-1 agonists ?

A

Exenatide Liraglutide

45
Q

What are examples of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors?

A

Vildagliptin Sitagliptin

46
Q

What is an example of pramlintide ?

A

Injectable amylin analogue

Biomedical Pharmacology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions