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Biomedical Pharmacology > Lecture 17 - Antipsychotics > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Antipsychotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is dementia praecox?

A

Cognitive problems associated with aging

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2
Q

What name was given to replace dementia praecox?

A

Schizophrenia

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3
Q

What are particular disorder a constellation of?

A

Number of signs and symptoms

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4
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A psychotic disorder characterised by loss of contact with the environment - deterioration in level of functioning in everyday life - disintegration of personality

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5
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Disorder of feeling, thought, perception and behaviour

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6
Q

What are the positive symptoms?

A

Any change in behaviour or thoughts (hallucinations or delusions) Hallucination Disorganised speech Disorganised or catatonic behaviour

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7
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Withdrawal or lack of function; emotionless and flat Anhedonia Lack of motivation

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8
Q

What symptoms are more responsive to therapeutic drugs?

A

Positive symptoms

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9
Q

What symptom is more difficult to treat?

A

Negative symptoms

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10
Q

What mode is hallucination found in?

A

Auditory - form of voices being heard in head, thinking their thoughts are being broadcast

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of positive symptoms?

A

Disorganised speech and behaviour

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12
Q

What behaviour do some individuals display that appear to make them withdrawn from society

A

Catatonic

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13
Q

What is anhedonia

A

When an individual doesn’t experience pleasure in anything

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14
Q

What are key symptoms of depression?

A

Anhedonia and lack of motivation

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15
Q

Why does DSM-V exist?

A

Attempt to distinguish certain pattern of symptoms to aid treatment options that are available

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16
Q

Why is there an increase in ventricular size after disease develops?

A

Loss of brain tissue (grey matter)

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17
Q

What does the loss of gray matter anywhere in brain result in?

A

Increase in ventricular size

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18
Q

What brain regions are associated with grey matter loss?

A

Cortical areas and Hippocampus

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19
Q

What are developed to understand schizophrenia?

A

Animal models

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20
Q

What destroys certain neuronal pathways?

A

Infusion of ibotenic acid

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21
Q

What does the animal model suggest?

A

There is damage in the form of a lesion to the hippocampus soon after birth

22
Q

Following hippocampal lesions what are some deficits observed?

A

Deficit in social interaction Aggressive behaviour Deficits in grooming

23
Q

Going from puberty to young adulthood what developmental plaice like symptoms are observed?

A

Locomotor hypersensitivity to amphetamine Hyperresponsiveness to stress Enhanced sensitivity to NMDA antagonist Deficit in sensorimotor gating and ppi

24
Q

In the model what are some cognitive like symptoms observed?

A

Deficit in working memory Deficit in spatial learning and memory Deficit is in place learning

25
Q

What did Carlson and Lindqvist hypothesise?

A

Dopaminergic transmission is altered in schizophrenia ‘the original dopamine hypothesis’

26
Q

What is the original dopamine hypothesis ?

A

There is an increase in dopamine within CNS in the brain that gives signs and symptoms that are related to schizophrenia

27
Q

What drug was initially developed to be used for anaesthesia

A

Largactil - now known as chlorpromazine

28
Q

What effect did chlorpromazine produce in schizophrenic individuals?

A

Calming effects and allow schizophrenic to live a normal life

29
Q

What is chlorpromazine in terms of receptor ?

A

Dopamine receptor antagonist

30
Q

Chlorpromazine is an example of what type of drug?

A

Phenothiazine

31
Q

What is the structure of chlorpromazine ?

A

3 rings with 2 functional groups

32
Q

What is schizophrenia due to?

A

Overactivity if dopamine at D2 receptors

33
Q

How many dopaminergic pathways are there in the brain!

A

3

34
Q

A9 substantial nigra pathway

A

Project from substantial nigra into striatum (caudate, putamen and Globus Pallidus) Coordination of movement

35
Q

A10 ventral tegmental area pathway

A

Mesoaccumbens pathways Tied to more basic functions I.e experience of pleasure (pleasure centre activator) Associated with pleasurable effects associated with drug abuse

36
Q

A10 ventral tegmental area

A

Mesocortical pathway Tied up with more cortical and cognitive functions

37
Q

In all three pathways what is there an increase of ?

A

Dopamine

38
Q

What is dopaminergic hypofunction?

A

Drop in levels of dopamine

39
Q

What did Davis propose

A

Damage to to the dopaminergic pathway that projects to the cortex (mesocortical pathway) hence reduction in dopamine

40
Q

What does reduced inhibitory effect cause?

A

Increase develops of dopamine

41
Q

Where is there an increase in dopamine?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

42
Q

Where is there a decrease in dopamine?

A

Mesocortical pathway

43
Q

What are negative symptoms associated with?

A

Hypofrontality (reduced dopamine in the frontal cortex)

44
Q

What are positive symptoms due to?

A

Overactivity in the mesolimbic system

45
Q

If the A9 pathway is blocked what symptoms are mimicked?

A

Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

What does the antagonist action at 5HT2A receptors do?

A

Directly or indirectly increase cortical dopamine

47
Q

What is the pre pulse inhibition of startle ?

A

Expose experimental animal/ human to startling noise they will hum and have some sort of response

48
Q

What does accelerometer measure?

A

Changes in force

49
Q

What does amphetamine have an effect upon?

A

Dopaminergic system

50
Q

What effect does ketamine have?

A

Glutamatergic systems

51
Q

Where is the neurochemical lesion located?

A

Neonatal ventricular hippocampal region

Biomedical Pharmacology (19 decks)

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