Lecture 9 - Performance Impairement 2 Doping Flashcards
Define Performance Impairment 2
Behavioural stuff
- Behavioural dysregulation impairs at least one life domain and inhibits athletic participation
- e.g. forced non-participation: like doctors orders, injyr coach dropping you
- Doesnt have to be doping, can be recreational drug use, anger disorders
- Could be performing well on a pitch then going home and doing drugs, or domestic abuse. differs from Pi-1 as an eating disorder is always present across life domains.
What are the characteristics of someone in performance impairment 2?
- enduring, inflexible behavioural characteristics
- Difficulty accessing automatic thoughts/ schemas and rational thinking, as they are so deep down and so stubborn. Often present for a long time
- may not be motivated for treatment - especially if the have been banned
- ## Putting all this stuff together makes them tricky people to work with, and form a therapeutic relationship with
What are the criteria for it to officially be classed as doping?
2 out of 3 criteria must be present:
– It enhances or has the potential to enhance performance (evidence suggests)
– It represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete (evidence suggests)
– It violates the spirit of sport (ambiguous)
outline the study on elite athletes done in the 90s about if they would dope or not
Asked 198 elite athletes 2 questions:
- You can take a subtance ,that would make you win but you wouldnt be caught. 195 said yes
- You can take a substance, and win everything you try for the next 5 years (double olympic champion), but you will die after 5 years. 120 said yes
Outline Schaal et al (2011) findings about the prevalence of doping
About 1% of athletes had doped in their lifetimes
About 0.4% had in the last 6 months
Less women doping
X - limited as people arent going to admit it because they will be banned. Unlike when admitting to a clinical illness
- Evident because the top 3 cyclists every year in the tour de france from 99 to 06 all doped
What was the prevalence of russian athletes doping?
67/68 track and field athletes were banned competing because of state sponsored doping. Only 1 didnt as she lived in USA
How many british athletes are currently banned for doping?
70
- has been increasing since 2013
- but are more people doping? or are we better at catching them? Or is there just more athletes?
Who came up with deterrance theory?
Strelan & Boeckman, 2003
Outline Strelan & Boeckman, 2003 deterrance theory as an explanation as to why people dope
An athlete weighs up the costs of deciding to dope and the benefits of doping
- this balance is heavily influenced by situational factors
x - doesnt really specify or define what situational factors are
Give examples of costs of doping?
If you are caught, the costs include:
•Tarnished reputation (e.g. in press)
• Lose funding
• Expensive - fined
• Titles/ medals taken away from you
•Social sanctions - from team mates as they lose medals too
•Strongest cost is moral compass - could you cope with yourself if you won unfairly - Self-imposed sanctions
In france/ Germany you can go to prison for it, as well as being fined and suspended
What are the benefits of doping
- You win lots
- Winning gives you more money, prize money and sponsorship
- You get lots of fame
- if you moral compass doesnt care, it’s very satisfying to win
What are the situational factors that athletes take into account when deciding to dope, according to deterrance theory?
- National culture
- Sport culture (down a layer from national)
- Team culture
Outline national culture as a situational factor that athletes take into account when deciding to dope, according to deterrance theory?
How much your country bans athletes, like how many they have caught and what the national attitude towards those who dope is. How many athletes in that nation dope
Outline Sottas et al (2011) study into national culture about doping*****
Looked at 7289 blood samples from 2737 elite track and field athletes
- blood doping, replacing blood with extra oxygenated blood. Looked at prevalance rates in loads of different countries
- One country has 78% male and 50% female prevalance - so they are an anti-doping country as they have caught the most people
- Other countries have 1% male and 2% female
- Shows massive variation in national culture towards doping
With 70 banned athletes, the UK is quite an anti-doping nation
When is a nation most likely to dope their athletes?
Around the time they begin to host an olympic games, and dont have a very good sporting reputation
Outline sport culture as a situational factor that athletes take into account when deciding to dope, according to deterrance theory? - what sports are the 70 athletes currently banned from?
Worst sports for doping in the uk include:
•Rugby, cycling, boxing, athletics, weightlifting, wrestling
1 bobsledder, 1 darts player, 1 dodgeball
Mostly welsh rugby players
Not many females
Outline prevalence perceptions as part of sport culture as a situational factor
If you think everyone else is doping, you can either disappear from your sport (if moral compass is really strong), or dope. You usually get on board with the doping
- Lance Armstrong starting doping because he knew everyone else was and he would lose otherwise
- Basson got hammered by Amrstrong, other cyclists and the press because he was the only one not doping
Outline the sport culture of the governing body
How strict your governing body is, is another sport culture situational factor that influences whether athletes decide to dope or not
- if they are likely to be let off by their body they might dope
- but if they are really strict then they may not
Outline team culture as a situational factor that athletes take into account when deciding to dope, according to deterrance theory?
- some teams will dope, others will not
- created by the coach
- mastery of the environment vs performance environment
Outline Ntoumanis et al., 2012 findings about the team culture created by the coach
Mastery of the environment
- a team environment surrounding improvement, effort and self-reference. Working to get better everyday and putting in as much work as you can
- the higher levels of this, the less likely to cheat
Performance Environment
- a team environment that is competitive, ego-driven, takes no prisoners, win at all costs
- higher levels of this, the more likely to cheat
- Armstrong feared he would be dropped by his team if he didnt dope
Outline Hodge et al., 2013 findings about individuals attitudes towards doping in sport. **
The more you are in sport because of others, you are forced to compete and are not intrinsically motivated, the easier you can turn off your moral compass (moral disengagement)
The higher moral disengagement, the more favourable attitudes towards doping, the more likely to take drugs you are.
What are the 8 mechanisms of moral disengagement?
- Moral justification
- Euphemistic labelling
- Advantageous comparison
- Displacement of responsibility
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Distortion of consequences
- Dehuminsation
- Attribution of blame
Outline moral justification as a mechanism of moral disengagement
Cognitive restructuring of a harmful behaviour into a praiseworthy one
- “it;s good to dope”
Outline euphemistic labelling as a mechanism of moral disengagement
Use language to disguise blameworthy behaviours as less harmful
- “drugs arent that bad it’s fine”
Outline advantageous comparison as a mechanism of moral disengagement
Comparing detrimental acts with more harmful ones
- im only doping, im not killing anyone
Outline displacement of responsibility as a mechanism of moral disengagement - pressure/ told to
People view their behaviour as a consequence of social pressure/ being told to by an authority
- e.g. all my team mates were doing it, or my doctor told me to and that its not doping
Outline diffusion of responsibility as a mechanism of moral disengagement
minimising individual responsibility for decisions made
- it wasnt my fault, it was my teams
Outline distortion of consequences as a mechanism of moral disengagement *****
avoid or minimise the harm caused
Outline dehuminisation as a mechanism of moral disengagement
Dehuminising opponents to justify it
- he’s an animal, he deserved to have his leg broken
Outline attribution of blame as a mechanism of moral disengagement - prevalence
consider themselves forced to act immorally due to perceived provocation by their victim or the situation
- prevalance perceptions
What did Petroczi et al., 2011 do?
Implicit association tests - assess subliminal attitudes towards things, as the quicker you react to something shows you have a preference for it
- Those that were doping were faster in attributing doping to positive adjectives. Faster than non-dopers
How is the coach the gateway in acquiring drugs? ****
- 11% of norweigan coaches knew a colleague who had distributed drugs and could get hold of some
- 70% of coaches believed most records were broken by dopers
- 30% believed non-dopers had no chance of success
- 1 in 9 non-elites said they would find their athletes drugs if they asked for them
What are the goals of doping/ taking drugs?
- speed
- obviously main one is performance
- appearance is more attractive
- pressure to recover from injury quicker, drugs can help
- Control weight
- protect self-worth if you win loads
- Build self-confidence
- enhance aggression (taking speed before rugby)
- manage expectations
- Recreational drugs relieve pressure
Outline the findings of Backhouse et al., 2013 - nutrition *****
Those taking nutritional supplements had more positive attitudes towards doping
- on the performance enhacement attitude scale
- Is it a gateway to doping?
What is the best way to prevent doping, according to
Morente-Sanchez & Zabala, 2010?
Sports psychologists can prevent doping through education
- educated them on consequences etc
