Lecture 3 - Performance Development and Imagery Flashcards
What do you need to be careful of when meeting an athlete in this category? 4 things
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- dont over focus on performance
- dont over diagnose/ over pathologise
- dont conclude too early, dont be looking to diagnose , wait for all the info
- keep checking in case any issues develop
What are the 2 classifications in this category?
PDi
PDii
Outline the PDi characterisation
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- want to develop mental skills to help physical skills/ performance
- tend to be younger, but beginners arent always young
Outline the PDii characterisation
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- physical skills highly developed (elite)
- looking for a little top up of mental skills to boost performance
Who plotted the cogitive and somatic anxiety graphs?
Martens et al (1990)
- cognitive is steady build up then fades out after performance
- somatic rises rapidly, peaks during performance then suddenly drops off
Outline Catastrophe theory
- Argues there is an optimal level of anxiety
- but after a certain point it becomes detrimental
- Can use imagery interventions to increase anxiety/ arousal - to achieve optimal level of functioning
Who came up with the catastrophe theory graph thing
Cox (2007)
When can you use counselling stuff?
When something is wrong
What are the 2 examples of educating interventions
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- Cognitive-behavioural interventions
- Mindfulness acepptance comitment interventions
- these both educate the athlete, teaches them new things
What did Munroe et al (2000) find?
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that 35% of athletes- when they try to do positive imagery, they instead see images of stuff going wrong
How do elite athletes use imagery?
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- dont just imagine performance - they sense how they will feel before/ after performance
- use their body in a similar way to the actual performance
- e.g. bobsledders have to do it to practice their runs
- does it directly improve performance? or just calm nerves/ anxiety (indirect benefits)
What cant you tell athletes to do?
Can’t say: dont think about missing the putt - cos you immediately will
Outline Beilock et al (2001)
- Measured effects of different types of imagery
- had to do a golf putting task
- given a different variety of imagery to do
- by 3rd trial, 5 imagery types had improved performance
- the other 2 made performance worse:
1. High frequency replacement imagery - dont think about this, think about this
2. High frequency suppression imagery - dont think about missing the putt
What were Beilock et al (2001)’s conclusions?
Replacement and Suppression are worst imagery techniques
What dictates what imagery you use?
- the goal of performance
- the athlete
What are the types of imagery?
- General
- Specific
- motivational
- cognitive
Give the variations of imagery types
- General-motivational = arousal
- Specific-motivational = goal-orientated responses (e.g. on the podium)
- Specific cognitive = skills
- General cognitive = strategy
Who came up with Psychoneuromuscular theory?
Slade et al (2002)
Outline Slade et al (2002)
Psychoneuromuscular theory
- same electrical impulses in muscles are used when thinking about an event, and when actually doing it
- quantity is same, but magnitude is much less - why muscles dont move
X - not much evidence
Outline Decety (1996)
- Argues better evidence if you move electrical impulses study to the brain
- same activation in brain areas when doing or imagining an event
- intiating an event = premotor cortex
- being a movement = PFC
- doing movement = cerebellum
- same areas light up but with less magnitude
- functional equivalance
Who came up with Symbolic learning theory?
Sacken (1934)
Outline Sacken (1934)
argues practicing a task in your mind develops schemas for movement
- develop schemas for cognitive and motor tasks through imagery
Who came up with Bio-informational theory?
Lang (1979)
Outline Lang (1979)
Bio-informational theory - propositions
- argues an image is just a set of propositions
- stimulus propositions and response propositions
- imagery helps form these propositions/ links
- need to attach emotional/ internal feelings to images
- need stimulus (e.g. crowd) and response (e.g. happiness)
- learning and reinforcement is why imagery works
- need the emotional response though
Outline the triple code model
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need 3 things for imagery to be succesful
- Sensory realism - must immerse yourself
- Somatic response - put body through same physiological experiences
- Has to have personal meaning to athlete, must be specific/ tailored
what do you have to do before implementing imagery?
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- first step is to evaluate current imagery ability. What level are they at now?
- establish realistic expectations and motivation behind imagery
- do not replace physical practice
- multimodal intervention - use other techniques
- keep checking on how its going
Outline Koehn et al (2014) - scripts
Confidence, cognitive, motivational
Some people like to follow a imagery script
- can be recorded/ audio/ verbal etc
- confidence: “you know you can do it”
- cognitive/ specific target areas: “the closer the ball comes, the more focused you are, knowing you will hit it”
- Motivational: “you are confident in your own skills, you can meet the challenge and be succesful”
What do you do when negative imagery comes into your head?
- Cannot just stop it/ suppress it
- You have to work through it slowly, and ease it out
What should imagery include?
Should include execution and outcome
- need reinforcement/ response propositions
- Need to imagine what needs to happen to get that emotional response
Outline the Pettlep model - what does each bit stand for?
P: Physical E: Environment T: Task T: Timing L: Learning E: Emotion P: Perspective
Outline what each letter in PETTLEP Model means
P: Physical
- helps to act out movements
E: Environment
- can help to be in the same environment, or could be a quiet place
T: Task
- what components of a skill is imaged will vary with skill level
T: Timing
- has to be realistic - cant be slow motion
L: Learning
- Update imagery as you get better
E: Emotion
- need emotional attachment to it - to reinforce
P: Perspective
- 1st vs 3rd?
Outline Williams et al (2010) methods - control vs threat conditions
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Can imagery influence Anxiety?
- studied 20 recreational athletes, in repeated measures
- 3 conditions - 3 imagery scripts before doing a task
- challenge = taking stress as a motivator
- threat = stress damaging confidence
- Challenge imagery script
- you have confidence in your ability to perform - Threat Imagery script
- you have doubts about your ability to perform - Control imagery script
- any anxiety you had has now gone
- measured heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output
- also asked them if they experienced any somatic/ cognitive anxiety
Outline Williams et al (2010) findings
Results:
- There was slightly more cognitive anxiety for threat
- no difference in somatic
- both groups had the same physiological responses - but the challenge condition took it in their stride, in the threat condition it had more effect
- Imagery can be used so anxiety benefits you
