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Sports Psych revision > Lecture 7- Depression in Sport > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Depression in Sport Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Performance Impairement classification

A
  • Clinical issues do exist (emotional distress/ behavioural dysregulation)
  • possible reduced performance or forced to stop
  • Impairement in one life domain (not a break down of all aspects of life)
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2
Q

What did Schaal et al (2011) do?

A

French survey of about 200 athletes, looking at the prevalence of mental health issues in sport

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3
Q

What were Schaal’s findings?

A
  • 1/4 of men had an eating disorder
  • 1/3 women had an eating disorder
  • Anxiety disorders were next prevalent
  • Then its depression
  • Women were pretty much always more prevalent than men
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4
Q

Why do women report more mental health issues?

A

More stigma for a man to admit to mental health issues, so women report them more. But women could just suffer more?

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5
Q

What is the prevalance of anxiety disorders in aesthetic sports?

A

38.9% in aesthetic sports will get an anxiety disorder at some point
7% of men in combat sports will get an eating disorder - higher than other sports - due to weight classifications, e.g. taekwondo

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6
Q

How can an SP deal with this?

A
  • may have to refer them to a different professional

- have to get them to agree that performance is secondary - can be hard

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7
Q

Whats the benefits of using a Sports psychologist?

A
  • They understand the sports context and the pressurising environment more. Can use their knowledge of the area to help
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8
Q

Outline performance impairement 1

A

Clinical issues that show impairement across all life domains. Impair overall life functioning.

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9
Q

Outline performance impairment 2

A

More behavioural. Inhibits performance, perhaps through forced non-participation. Not transferred across all life domains. E.g. performing fine on the pitch then going home and domestic abuse

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10
Q

Give exampls of some mental health issues that come under Pi-1

A
  • Anxiety disorders
  • eating disorders
  • mood disorders

Cant have these in just one situation. Cant just have an eating disorder at home

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11
Q

Give exampls of some mental health issues that come under Pi-2

A
  • Anger & impulse control disorders
    – Alcohol & drug use disorders
    – Personality disorders

Certain contexts/ people can trigger these

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12
Q

What was the prevalence of depression in athletes, shown by Schaal et al (2011) 8 doubled

A

Male: 8.7%
Female: 16.3%

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13
Q

What do Proctor & Boan-Lenzo, 2010 show?

A

In non-elites, playing sport relieves depressive symptoms

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14
Q

Outline MAjor depressive disorder in sport
onset period
**

A
  • Unipolar - just the lows all the time, no highs
  • Peak period of onset: 15-29 (peak career for an athlete)
  • 60-70% will get additional episodes if untreated
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of MDD? - suicide

A
  • Almost daily dysphoric mood - low/lethargic
  • Psychomotor agitation/retardation - either physically lathargic, or physically hyperactive
  • Weight change -
  • Fatigue
  • Disturbed sleep
  • Worthlessness
  • Suicide ideation - just thinking about it, but not planning

Need to have 5, for 2 weeks (DSM)

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16
Q

What does DSM say that the symptoms must be?

***

A
  • musnt be caused by subtances/ medical conditions
  • must impair life significantly or cause distress
  • can know be caused by bereavement
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17
Q

How do depressive symptoms manifest in training?

A
  • irritability with team mates
  • loss of interest (hard to spot, could just be today he is tired etc)
  • Lethargy
  • loss of concentration
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18
Q

What is the prevalence of suicide in MDD?

A

14% - clearly performance is not important, this is

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Bipolar? health risking?

A

Unipolar/ MDD plus this stuff when they are high:
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
– less need for sleep
– More talkative
– Racing thoughts
– Distractibility
– Increased goal-directed activity or psychomotor
agitation
– Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g. drugs)

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20
Q

if they have had it for 2 years, what does bipolar become?

A

Cyclothymic disorder

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21
Q

If they have had it for 2 years, what does unipolar become?

A

Persistant depressive disorder

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22
Q

what are the subcategories of unipolar? ***

A
  • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
  • Seasonal affective disorder
  • Post-partum disorder

Men cannot have the first and third one, so more chances for women to get depression

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23
Q

What stage do we gather this information?

A

in the first stage, the clinical assessment phase

24
Q

What do you do in the clinical assessment phase to get this information? - Structure clinical interview

A

Comprehensive interview and client history
– Structure Clinical Interview for DMS-V Disorders
- very hard to classify, lots of overlapping symptoms
- e.g. unipolar and Bipolar have the same negative symptoms
- eating disorders overlap with anxiety disorders

25
Q

Whats Beck’s (1976) theory about where depressive symptoms come from (aetiology)

A

Emphasises cognitions and schemas a lot

26
Q

Outline Becks cognitions theory of depression

A
  1. Early experiences
  2. Form depressogenic schema - lay dormant until:
  3. critical incident- a traumatic experience triggers them
  4. Schema activated
  5. Negative automatic thoughts, which lead to
  6. Negative symptoms:
    - Behavioural, motivational, somatic, affective, cognitive
27
Q

What did Appanael et al (2009) do?

A

Looked at the onset of clinical symptoms of depression following a traumatic event - injury

28
Q

What were Appanael et al (2009)’s findings?

A
  • In first week, those injured athletes rose above the threshold of being classified as clinically depressed
  • after that though they got better than healthy controls, suggesting a rebound effect - that once you get past the first week youll be fine
29
Q

Outline some examples of traumatic events that could trigger the onset of depression

A

•Inury
•bereavement (family, coach or team mate)
• relegation
•loss of contract
• retiring (e.g. after olympics the % of athletes with depression may increase as loads
are retiring)

30
Q

Outline the viscious circle of depressive symptoms from Beck et al (1976) ******* perceptions get skewed, validate schema

A

Depressogenic schema + Cognitive bias + negative cognitive triad

  • all interact and cause depression
  • perception of life becomes bias, which validates schema and the cycle continues
31
Q

Outline the negative cognitive triad

A

Negative views of the self
Negative views of the world (or about your world)
Negative views of the future

32
Q

Outline all of the types of cognitive bias’, there are 7

A

Selective abstraction

Arbitray inference

Magnification and minimisation

Overgeneralisation

Should and must statements

Absolutist dichotomous thinking

Personalisation

33
Q

Outline Arbitrary inference as a cognitive bias

A

“My team mate didn’t pass the ball to me, he must think I’m rubbish”

34
Q

Outline Selective Abstraction as a cognitive bias

**

A

Despite evidence to the opposite, occasional negative signals are made salient.

35
Q

Outline Overgeneralisation as a cognitive bias

A

“He didn’t pass to me, that must mean everyone thinks I’m rubbish”

36
Q

Outline magnification and minmisation as a cognitive bias

A

“I had a bad competition, that must mean I’m awful”,
vs
“I won but it’s because my opponents didn’t try”

37
Q

Outline personalisation as a cognitive bias

*****

A

“We lost because of me”

38
Q

Outline Absolutist dichotomous thinking as a cognitive bias *****

A

“If I don’t win, my life is ruined”

39
Q

Outline Should and must statements as a cognitive bias

A

“I must be the best at all facets of my match”, “I must be liked by my team mates”

40
Q

What is the second cognitive theory about depression, from Seligman (1975) ****

A

Learned Helplessness

41
Q

Outline the theory of Learned Helplessness

**

A
  1. Objective non-contingency - something happens that is objectively out of your control, e.g. coach abusing you
  2. Negative perception of non-contingency - as expected you see this as a bad thing, anyone would
  3. Attribution to the non-contingency - problem comes in here as you attribute the reason for this act as your fault
  4. Expectation of future non-contingency - you expect this to happen again and again, as it is because of who you are. You cant change it so you’re helpless
  5. Depression
42
Q

What are the limitations of cognitive theories?

ethics?

A

X - can never validate these models as showing cause and effect, because it’s unethical to follow them and give someone depression
X - are cognitive symptoms the cause of depression? Or are they caused by depression?

43
Q

Briefly outline Monamine theories

A
  • When you are depressed, you have less monamines in your brain/ synaptic gap
  • E.g. serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrin
  • Absorbed too much - by axon or dendrites
  • SSRI’s can prevent this
44
Q

Outline Didehbani et al., 2013 - did he head bangy

A

Found that NFL players with more than 2 concussions in there lifetime, were more likely to have abnormal levels of depression
X - cause and effect?

45
Q

What are the different types of clinical interventions for MDD? ****

A
  1. Behaviour therapy
  2. Interpersonal psychotherapy
  3. CBT
46
Q

Outline Behaviour therapy as an intervention for MDD

A

Focuses more on behaviour, less so on cognitions and mood

  • says whatever behaviours make you feel less depressed - do them
  • Activity logs
  • Graded behavioural assingments - rate how high/ low something makes you, so you can avoid the bad stuff
  • Social and problem solving skills training
47
Q

Outline Interpersonal psychotherapy as an intervention for MDD

A

Made of two components:

  1. Interpersonal stuff - focuses on relationships
  2. Psychothreapy stuff - focuses on early experiences, often about unresolved grief

If: Unresolved grief, interpersonal relations, role changes are causing depression, this is a good therapy for you

48
Q

Outline CBT as an intervention for MDD - 6 things

A

Recognising how cognitions influence behaviour

Techniques include:
•thought catching - help to recognise these negative/ biased thoughts, whcih are so deep in a persons cognitions that they dont notice them
•Task assingement (seperate card)
•Reality testing - comparing beliefs with an alternative version of reality
• Cognitive rehersal - help them develop strategies to overcome stuff they struggle with, Discuss barriers
•Alternative therapy - think of new problematic situations and see how they cope there
•Deal with underlying schema

49
Q

Outline Task assingement as a strategy of CBT for MDD

A

If depression regularly occurs in certain places/ contexts, get that person to:

  1. Plan the next time they are in that context
  2. Predict - what they think will happen
  3. Engage - in the context, with your support
  4. Examine - look at how the depressive symptoms either didnt manifest, or were managed when they did
50
Q

Outline drug treatments for MDD

A

All these drugs influence monoamines in the synaptic gap

  • Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s) (Serotonin and Norepinephrine
  • SSRI’s
  • Serotonin-Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s)
  • Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) - oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down monamine’s, this drug stops them doing it too much, slows them down
51
Q

What treatment is best for Significant Dysfunctional beliefs? - schemas

A

IPT - interpersonal psychotherapy, as its about early events/ relationships and dysfunctional schemas

52
Q

What treatment is best for severe interpersonal difficulties?

A

CBT!!!! - if you struggle in social situations, changing thoughts is effective

53
Q

What treatment is best for low levels of depression?

A

CBT again

54
Q

What is the effectiveness of CBT? **

A

66% - fewer, but a few side effects

55
Q

What is effectives of TCA?

A

60-70% - but has lots of side effects

56
Q

What evidence is there for Drugs and CBT combined?

A

No evidence that this works

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