Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COT Part I > Lecture 9: Nervous System Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Nervous System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Metazoa (evolutionary history)

A

2 epithelial layers (endo/ectoderm) vs. single celled protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bilateria (evolutionary history)

A

Bilateral symmetry (primitive streak) vs. radially symmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deuterostomes (evolutionary history)

A

Caudal to rostral gastrulation (“mouth second”) vs. protostomes (rostral to caudal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vertebrates (evolutionary history)

A

Dorsal spinal cord, rostral brain, basic body plan (extensive cephalization) vs. invertebrates (ganglion-centered brain plan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mammals (evolutionary history)

A

Neocortex expansion (cerebral cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primates (evolutionary history)

A

Expansion of association areas and frontal lobes; higher thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mediolateral neural tube specification factors

A

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) = ventralizing factor
BMP4,7 = dorsalizing factors
Pax6,3,7 = alar (roof) vs. basal (floor) plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What controls anterior-posterior specification?

A

Hox genes (super conserved among species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the brain vascularized?

A

Vessels enter neuroepithelium area but maintain CT compartments, pulling CT and outer epithelial layer with them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blood-brain barrier composition

A
  1. Vessel endothelium cells + tight junctions
  2. Endothelial basement membrane
  3. Sometimes pericytes (CT fibers/cells)
  4. Astrocyte basement membrane
  5. Astrocyte foot processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are lipids regulated by the blood-brain barrier?

A

Free lipids bind apical transmemb./intracellular binding proteins on the endothelium and actively transported back to circulation by exosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

CSF filled spaces (original neural tube lumen) lined by ependyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ependyma

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines ventricles and produces + moves CSF. Forms the choroid plexus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Comprises majority of CSF production. Contains superficial Kolmer cells (macrophages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excessive fluid in the brain cavity caused by fluid overproduction, aqueduct occlusion, or poor absorption back to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 brain circulations

A
  1. CSF (ECF)
  2. Interstitial fluid
17
Q

Anatomical/functional divisions of the neocortex

A
  1. Occipital lobe (vision)
  2. Temporal lobe (auditory)
  3. Parietal lobe (somatosensation)
  4. Frontal lobe (motor)
18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Area in (usually left) parietal lobe, essential for language comprehension

19
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area in (usually left) frontal lobe, essential for language production

20
Q

Brain white matter composition

A

Fiber tracts, deep to cortcal surface. Connect cortical functional areas

21
Q

Brain grey matter composition

A

Cortical sheet and nuclei/neuropiles of other tectal/tegmental areas

22
Q

Gyrencephalic

A

Highly folded cortex

23
Q

Lissencephalic

A

Non-folded cortex

24
Q

Brain excitatory neuron structure

A

Long axons, well-defined dendritic trees

25
Q

Brain inhibitory neuron structure

A

More local connections, diffuse arborization

26
Q

Fast (ionotropic) NTs of the brain

A

-Glutamate (major excit. NT of cortex)
-GABA (major inhib. NT of cortex)

27
Q

Slow (metabotropic) NTs of the brain

A

Monoamine NTs (regulatory purpose in CNS
-Dopamine
-Serotonin
-Norepi
-Epi

28
Q

Fast + slow (nicotonic iono-, muscarinic metabo-) NT

A

ACh (NMJ)

29
Q

Microglial cell

A

Resident macrophage of the CNS. Performs all brain immune functions and populates during fetal development

30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinates CNS axons.

31
Q

Astrocytes

A

Primary structural cell of the brain. Has perivascular end feet (BBB) and perineural feet (neuron nutrition). Controls the ionic milieu of the ECF.

32
Q

Glial cells of the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
33
Q

Lens placode

A

Spheroid invagination of the surface ectoderm which becomes the lens

34
Q

Optic stalk

A

Bulb shaped invagination of the neural ectoderm; future optic nerve.

35
Q

Ganglionic eminences

A

Structures that develop laterally on the floor plate of the neural tube; develop into thalamic radiations, basal ganglia, cortical inhibitory neurons

COT Part I (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions