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COT Part I > Lecture 2: Cell Biology and Epithelia > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Cell Biology and Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal lamina sublayers

A

Lamina lucida: laminin + fibronectin (glycoproteins)
Lamina densa: type IV collagen (dense, fine fibers)
Lamina reticularis: only if basement connects to CT; type VII collagen anchoring loops (connect to type III reticular fibers)

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2
Q

Terms for changing epithelium

A

Metaplasia: change in form/class (adaptive and oncogenic phases)
Hypo/hyperplasia: change in cell number
Hypo/hypertrophy: change in cell size
Dysplasia: increase in abnormal cells, loss of normal function (maladaptive)

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3
Q

Basic forms of junctional proteins

A
  1. Gap junctions: connexins (conductive channel via transmembrane proteins)
  2. Tight junctions (zonula occludens): occludins, claudins (transmembrane proteins)
  3. Adhering junctions (zonula adherens): cadherins (connect cytoskeletal f-actin via transmembrane proteins)
  4. Desmosomes (macula adherens): desmogleins (connect w/ cytoskeletal keratin, hemidesmosome -> CT)
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4
Q

Secretion modes

A

Merocrine: standard hydrophilic molecules
Apocrine: lipids
Holocrine: cell death
Cytocrine: cell to cell
Transcytosis: across the cell
Extracellular Vesicles: products contained in vesicles are released

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5
Q

Types of extracellular vesicles

A
  1. Exosomes (multivesicular body)
  2. Ectosomes (blebbing)
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6
Q

Junctional complex structure

A

Zonula occludens (band) -> zonula adherentes (band) -> macula adherentes (hemi/desmosomes)

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7
Q

How do blood vessels differ between epithelium and muscle?

A

The epithelium is not vascularized. Muscles are highly vascularized.

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8
Q

What kind of proteins does the rough ER produce?

A

Proteins destined for secretion or the cell membrane

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9
Q

What happens to undigestible remains of metabolic processes in cells?

A

They become residual bodies (exocytosed) or lipofuscin granules (retained, more common in long lived cells)

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10
Q

Cilia structure

A

9+2 microtubule arrangement composes the axoneme core, which inserts into the basal bodies (9 triplets of microtubules)

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11
Q

Flagellum structure

A

Same 9+2 and basal bodies of cilia, bound to transmembrane complex that acts as a rotary motor

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12
Q

Primary/monocilium structure

A

9+0 microtubule arrangement; no central tubules

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13
Q

Microvillus structure

A

Core of several f-actin filaments inserted into the cytoskeletal actin

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14
Q

Stereocilia

A

Basically longer, less frequent microvilli. Used as force -> electrical potential signal transducers in the auditory/vestibular systems.

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15
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Epithelium with multiple cell shapes where all cells touch the basement membrane but not all are part of the apical junctional complexes.

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16
Q

Symmetric cell division

A

Cell divides into 2 cells equal to the parent cell

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17
Q

Asymmetric cell division (vertical vs horizontal)

A

At least 1 child cell is further differentiated compared to the parent. Horizontal division expands the cell sheet, vertical creates another layer (1 cell loses contact with basement membrane)

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles responsible for translation; made of rRNA and ribosomal proteins. Free or attached to rough ER membrane. Basophilic staining

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Critical role in lipid and steroid production

20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Tags vesicles for transport to specific regions of the cell. Creates blank spot inside cell in staining

21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce energy as ATP; composed of outer membrane and inner cristae. Have their own DNA, RNA, and proteins. Eosinophilic staining

22
Q

Basal striations

A

Folds in basal portion of cell with high mt density for basal ion pumps/pore proteins

23
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane enclosed structures that transport proteins/small molecules within or across the cell

24
Q

Types of intracellular vesicles

A
  1. Endosomes
    1a. Phagosomes
  2. Lysosomes
  3. Peroxisomes
25
Q

Endosomes

A

Part of endocytosis (pinocytosis/phagocytosis); enclose the uptaken substance from the EC space

26
Q

Phagosomes

A

Endosomes created through phagocytosis

27
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain acid hydrolase enzymes to lyse things

28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Help to break down fatty acids via oxidation

29
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of moving substances out to the EC space; can be regulated or constitutive.

30
Q

Intercellular components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Thin filaments (f-actin)
  2. Intermediate filaments (keratins, desmins, etc.)
  3. Microtubules (tubulin)
31
Q

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

A

Point of origin for microtubules to radiate out through the cell. Becomes the centrosomes in cell division

32
Q

Centriole

A

Organizing point for microtubules

33
Q

Thin filaments

A

Composed of actin, sit beneath cell membrane and helps in cell motility and scaffolding

34
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Composed of keratin, desmins, other proteins. Connect with desmosomes/hemidesmosomes for cell adhesion and scaffolding

35
Q

Microtubules

A

Composed of tubulin. Primarily act as transport network throughout cell

36
Q

Junctional complex

A

Connects epithelial cells, especially in simple epithelia. Limits diffusion across epithelial sheet; fewer junctional proteins makes a leakier tight junction.

37
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packed chromatin, allowing access for transcription

38
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packed chromatin, preventing transcription

39
Q

Nuclear lamins

A

Fibrous proteins that organize nuclear DNA by binding to the inner nuclear membrane. Helps maintain nucleus shape

40
Q

Histones

A

“Spools” that control DNA coiling. Histone modification is a major regulator of transcription. Contain many negative charges and so are basophilic

41
Q

Nucleolus

A

rRNA production site in the nucleus. Stains as a strongly basophilic dot.

42
Q

Types of epithelia

A
  1. Simple (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
  2. Stratified (squamous non-/keratinized, cuboidal, columnar)
  3. Pseudostratified
  4. Transitional (urinary)
43
Q

Features of extracellular cell membrane

A

Glycoproteins (glycocalyx), extracellular protein regions/polar lipid heads

44
Q

Features of transcellular cell membrane space

A

Fatty acid tails, cholesterol, transmembrane proteins

45
Q

Features of intracellular cell membrane

A

Intracellular protein regions, phosphatidylserine (also an immune marker)

46
Q

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

A

EMT is the process by which epithelial cells leave the epithelial sheet by removing their junctional proteins to migrate into other spaces

47
Q

Keratinization

A

Keratinized epithelium has 1 or more layers of keratin sheets deposited on the apical surface. Acts as waterproof layer.

COT Part I (13 decks)

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