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COT Part I > Lecture 1: Embryology I > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Embryology I Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosa

A

General term for the innermost layer of an organ/tissue

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2
Q

Endometrium

A

Uterine mucosa layer

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3
Q

Decidua

A

Uterine mucosa layer during pregnancy; changes from endometrium due to implantation (basalis, capsularis, parietalis)

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4
Q

Stratum functionalis (functional layer)

A

Apical endometrial sublayer that is built up and shed each menstrual cycle. Composed of a simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria.

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5
Q

Stratum basalis (basal layer)

A

Basal sublayer of endometrium that is not shed during menstruation. Contains stem cells to regenerate the functional layer and comprised of loose connective tissue.

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6
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose, spongy connective tissue that lies underneath the epithelium in many mucosae

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7
Q

Tissue categories

A

Epithelia, connective, muscle, neurons

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8
Q

Epithelia tissue

A

Tissue sheets connected with junctional proteins that have apical and basal polarity. The apical side is often against a space/compartment, the basal side is often against connective tissue or another basal surface

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues/organs. Always comprised of fluid, fiber, and protein components with varying relative amounts (e.g. blood vs. ligaments)

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10
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Cells whose primary function is to exert force on surrounding tissues

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11
Q

Neurons

A

Electrically active cells that transmit information via electrical impulses or short-range chemical signals

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12
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired structure, site of oogenesis

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13
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Oocytes develop within growing follicles and are then released during ovulation

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14
Q

Ovulation

A

The cyclical release of oocytes, the corona radiata, and the zona pellucida to the abdominal cavity

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15
Q

Fallopian or uterine tubes

A

Structures that pick up the ovulated mass of cells and are the site of fertilization

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16
Q

Uterus

A

Normal implantation site of the blastocyst. Supports the development of the placenta and embryo.

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17
Q

Cervix

A

Proximal end of the uterus

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18
Q

Fertilization age

A

Starts counting at the time of fertilization

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19
Q

Menstrual (gestational) age

A

Starts counting at the last menstrual period (~2 weeks prior to fertilization). More clinically useful than fertilization age.

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20
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A serious medical condition where the blastocyst implants outside the normal area in the uterus

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21
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells that line the outside of the blastocyst and interact with the uterine epithelium for implantation. Develop into definitive placental structures

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22
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast cells that fuse into a syncytium and maintain the blood-placental interface. Develop into the placental villi

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23
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast cells that remain undifferentiated beneath the syncytiotrophoblasts and are a source of new cells during development

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24
Q

Ovum (egg)

A

A fully mature oocyte

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25
Q

Zygote

A

A novel diploid cell, formed by the fusion of 2 haploid gametes through meiosis. Features 2 pronuclei and polar bodies.

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26
Q

Morula

A

Cluster of cells generated through isovolumetric mitosis after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage. Named after the mulberry

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27
Q

Blastocyst

A

First clear cell fate distinction during development. Ball of cells with a cavity, the blastocoele, and inner mass. Trophoblasts line the cavity and embryoblasts form the inner cell mass.

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28
Q

Embryoblast

A

Mass of cells within the blastocyst that eventually develops into the definitive fetal structures

29
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Uterine mucosa directly underlying the implantation site

30
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Uterine mucosa that grows back to fix the defect caused by the implantation process

31
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

The rest of the uterine lining that does not participate in implantation

32
Q

Myometrium

A

The thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus, between the endo and perimetrium

33
Q

Perimetrium

A

Connective tissue layer mostly comprised of serosa and some adventitia on the outside of the uterus

34
Q

Bilaminar Germ Disc

A

Interface between the epiblast and hypoblast sheets. “2-layer” stage of embryonic development, aka week 2

35
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that can cross the placental membrane and disrupt embryonic development

36
Q

Embryonic period

A

Critical development period of organogenesis from week 3 to 8 after fertilization. Increased sensitivity to developing congenital abnormalities.

37
Q

Uterine body

A

Normal implantation site in the uterus

38
Q

Implantation

A

Process by which the blastocyst attaches and enzymatically invades into the endometrium in order to receive nourishment from the mother

39
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlarged region of the uterine tubes where fertilization most often occurs

40
Q

Zona pellucida

A

ECM surrounding the ovulated oocyte that blocks implantation as the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tubes. Also restricts cell size as the zygote undergoes mitosis.

41
Q

Fimbriae

A

Projections at the ends of the uterine tubes that help to pick up an ovulated ovum as the tube sweeps over the ovary

42
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitosis without cell growth; occurs after fertilization but before implantation and results in the totipotent blastomeres becoming smaller

43
Q

Blastomere

A

Cell produced by cleavage of the zygote after fertilization

44
Q

Amnion

A

Second spherical structure that develops during week 2 from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Defines the epiblast

45
Q

Epiblast

A

Cell sheet interface between the blastocoele and the amnion. Forms the columnar dorsal layer of the embryoblast.

46
Q

Primary (primitive) yolk sac

A

Forms from the blastocoele lining, defines the hypoblast sheet where it contacts the epiblast

47
Q

Hypoblast

A

Forms the cuboidal ventral layer of the embryoblast

48
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Primitive, very fluid, connective tissue that forms between the amnion/yolk sac and trophoblast cells.

49
Q

Secondary yolk sac

A

Definitive yolk sac that develops late in week 2. Replaces the primary yolk sac

50
Q

Stages of Week 1 embryo development

A

Day 0: Fertilization
1: Cleavage
2.5: 8-cell, compaction
3: Morula
4: Blastocyst
6: Implantation

51
Q

Carnegie stages

A

23 stages covering the 1st 8 weeks post-ovulation. Each stage is based on morphological development and associated with the appearance of specific structures

52
Q

Primitive streak

A

Site of ingression that determines the site of gastrulation and defines left/right, cranial caudal, and dorsal ventral axes.

53
Q

Gastrulation

A

The stage during which the epiblast is reorganized into the trilaminar germ disc with the 3 primary germ layers

54
Q

Trilaminar germ disc layers

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

55
Q

Placental villi stages

A

Primary: cytotrophoblast core surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast
Secondary: extraembryonic mesoderm core inside trophoblastic cells
Tertiary: mesodermal cells differentiate into embryonic blood vessels

56
Q

Bilaminar disc cavities

A

Extraembryonic (chorionic cavity) contains amnion/amniotic cavity + secondary yolk sac. Chorionic cavity surrounded by extraembryonic mesoderm/trophoblasts.

57
Q

Sinusoids

A

Intervillous spaces in the placenta. Parental vessels penetrate the trophoblast to fill these spaces with parental blood for nutrient exchange.

58
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Fills the amniotic cavity and acts as a physical buffer/temperature regulator for the embryo. Fluid volume is critical for normal development and first comes from amniotic cells/maternal tissues. Later on, the fetus drinks/urinates to maintain volume.

59
Q

Primitive node/pit

A

Elevated area surrounding a circular depression at the cranial (anterior) end of the primitive streak. Organizer for gastrulation.

60
Q

Gastrulation process

A
  1. Cells delaminate from the epiblast to undergo the EMT.
  2. Cells ingress and dive through the primitive streak.
  3. Cells first displace the hypoblast to form the definitive endoderm.
  4. More cells migrate to form the mesoderm, aka become mesenchymal cells.
  5. Remaining epiblast cells become the definitive ectoderm.
61
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A

Region at cranial end of primitive streak where endoderm and ectoderm contact each other. Defines future oral cavity.

62
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

Region at caudal end of primitive streak where endoderm and ectoderm contact each other. Defines future anal cavity.

63
Q

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

A

Process during gastrulation where cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype in order to form the germ layers as they delaminate from the epiblast.

64
Q

Notochord

A

The axial mesoderm. Induces formation of the neural plate and other structures

65
Q

Connecting stalk

A

Future umbilical cord; composed of extraembryonic mesoderm. Crosses chorionic cavity to connect chorionic plate with amnion/yolk sac.

66
Q

Prechordal mesoderm

A

Region of mesoderm cranial to the notochord that thickens and develops into the head later

67
Q

Primitive streak regression

A

The primitive streak develops during gastrulation and then regresses around week 4 or 5. Lack of regression (excess proliferation) results in a teratoma. Lack of sufficient cell migration can cause sirenomelia (fused legs)

68
Q

First 8 Carnegie stages

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Morula
  3. Blastocyst
  4. Implantation
  5. BLG
  6. Primitive streak / gastrulation
  7. TLG
  8. Notochord
    (9. Head fold)

COT Part I (13 decks)

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