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COT Part I > Lab > Flashcards

Lab Flashcards

Identifying cells, layers, tissues from slides

1
Q

Name the cells here

A
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2
Q
A
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2
Q
A
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3
Q
A

Eosinophil granules contain major basic protein.

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4
Q

Name the layers and tissues here (GI)

A
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5
Q

Relative frequencies of leukocytes in blood

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas; neutrophils (60%), lymphocytes (25%), monocytes (10%), eosinophils (3%), basophils (1%)

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6
Q
A

Highlighted: neutrophil. Notice the unstained granules

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7
Q
A

Highlighted: lymphocyte. Notice contrast between eosinophils and neutrophil.

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8
Q
A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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9
Q

Types of epithelium tissues

A

Simple: squamous (endothelium, mesothelium), cuboidal, columnar
Stratified: squamous (keratinized, non-keratinized), cuboidal, columnar
Pseudostratified
Transitional/uterine

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10
Q

What’s the name of the transitory area here?

A

Pectinate line (transition between simple columnar and stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium)

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11
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is this?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized tissue. Notice difference in nuclei between keratin and squamous layers.

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12
Q

What layer is this?

A

Serosa layer (mesothelium + connective tissue)

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13
Q

What is the general name for this layer? What are the specific names of the 3 GI layers shown?

A

General: mucosal layer
GI layers (inner to outer): epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

Name the GI layers and their composition beyond the mucosa here.

A

Submucosa (CT), muscularis externa inner circular (longitudinal cut smooth muscle), muscularis externa outer longitudinal (transverse cut smooth muscle), serosa/adventitia (CT and mesothelium)

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15
Q

Types of tissues

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle, neuronal

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16
Q

What types of vessels are these?

A

Venules (notice color of smooth muscle vs color of vessel lining)

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17
Q

What are the 2 large vessels shown here?

A

Arteriole and lymphatic vessel above it. Notice color of arteriole lining vs. muscularis externa and irregularity of CT lining of lymphatic. Also notice lighter endothelium vs smooth muscle surrounding arteriole.

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18
Q

What are the large structures here?

A

Skeletal muscle. Notice size of fibers and darker color due to mitochondria.

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19
Q

What type of epithelium is shown here?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, cut longitudinally

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is shown here?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, cut is oblique or tangential

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21
Q

Which 2 cell types are present here?

A

Enterocytes and goblet cells (mucus is stained pink)

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22
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Plasma cell; clock nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, Golgi exclusion

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23
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Lymphocyte

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24
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Macrophage; inclusions/vesicles w/ clock nucleus (usually hard to distinguish nucleus)

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25
Q

Which cell is this?

A

Mast cell

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26
Q

Name the different tissue types present here.

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, loose connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue. Notice the difference in color between CT layers due to different collagen composition.

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27
Q

What cell is this?

A

Mast cell. Notice the clock nucleus and red granules (contain heparin and histamine).

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28
Q

What cells are shown here?

A

Lymphocyte migrating through CT compartment, plus 2 fibroblasts. Notice high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio in lymphocyte

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29
Q

What tissue structure is this? What are the most prominent cells?

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (specifically GALT here). Many of the cells here are lymphocytes.

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30
Q

What type of cells are these?

A

Macrophages. Notice the small cytoplasmic vesicles/inclusions.

31
Q

What types of cells are shown here?

A

Center: plasma cell (notice clock nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm due to Ab protein production). Surrounding: lymphocytes (large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio)

32
Q

What cell is this?

A

Neutrophil; notice the lobed nucleus and smooth eosinophilic cytoplasm

33
Q

What type of connective tissue is this?

A

Dense regular CT. Waviness is due to artefactual shrinking. Notice how all fibers are packed along one dimension.

34
Q

Contrast and name the two types of connective tissue here.

A

Above: dense sheet-like CT (specifically epimysium, above muscle. There is also epitenon, above tendon, in this lab).
Below: dense regular CT

35
Q

Name the type of CTs here.

A

Dense sheet-like CT (perichondrium) and hyaline cartilage.

36
Q

What cells are these?

A

Unilocular adipocytes (or white adipocytes). Fat stored in one large space (empty here because of staining), cell is hypertrophic.

37
Q

What cells are these?

A

Multilocular adipocytes. Compared to unilocular ones, these have more central nuclei, many lipid bubbles, and are more eosinophilic (mitochondria + less space devoted to fat)

38
Q

What stain is used here? What are the dark lines?

A

Verhoeff’s stain staining elastin fibers

39
Q

What stain is used here? What are the black stained lines?

A

Gomori silver stain, staining Type III collagen with a black silver precipitate

40
Q

What cells are stained here? What’s going on with the color?

A

Macrophages. Inclusions/vesicles are highlighted because these cells have phagocytosed a specific ink as part of the staining.

41
Q

What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?

A

Neutrophils; segmented nucleus with smooth eosinophilic cytoplasm; adhering to endothelial wall as part of immune response.

42
Q

What’s abnormal in this picture?

A

Erythrocytes and neutrophils in loose CT (specifically this is the serosal layer), indicating inflammatory response.

43
Q

What is this special cell formation?

A

Foreign body giant cell; syncytia of macrophages in response to large objects/invaders

44
Q

What’s wrong here?

A

Sickled erythrocytes (sickle cell anemia)

45
Q

Name and compare the two structures and their cells.

A

Above: eccrine sweat gland, secretory portion with a simple columnar epithelium
Below: eccrine sweat gland, duct portion with a stratified cuboidal epithelium

46
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea, ciliated, looks like stratified columnar)

47
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

Transitional epithelium (umbrella cells w/ 2 nuclei, relaxed form)

48
Q

What process is the epithelium undergoing here?

A

Metaplasia, transition between stratified squamous and simple columnar. Notice how this is accompanied by inflammation.

49
Q

Which cell structures are apparent here?

A

Nucleus and Golgi (unstained space)

50
Q

Name the tissue, cells, and regions/structures here.

A

Hyaline cartilage isogenous groups of chondrocytes in lacunae. Surrounded by darker territorial matrix and lighter interterritorial matrix.

51
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Fetal cartilage. Notice the high cellular content, especially in the developing perichondrium. Surrounded by mesenchyme.

52
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage. Notice the Type 1 collagen fibers anchoring into the hyaline cartilage.

53
Q

What rare type of epithelium is this? Where is it commonly located?

A

Stratified columnar epithelium, tear secreting area under eyelid.

54
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Osteoclast. Large, multinucleated. Creates Howship’s lacuna for resorption.

55
Q

Name the 3 different cells on the bone here.

A

Left: osteoblasts (cuboidal, actively secreting osteoid)
Middle: osteocytes (fully mature and trapped in bone matrix)
Right: bone-lining cells (squamous, quiescent)

56
Q

How is the bone being formed here? What type of bone is being formed? How do you know?

A

Flat bone formed through intramembranous bone formation (specifically mandible here). Endochondral ossification requires initial collagen structure to replace/calcify.

57
Q

Name the layer and the tissue.

A

Fibrous periosteum layer, made of dense sheet-like connective tissue.

58
Q

What layer is in the box here?

A

Cellular periosteum. Notice that this bone is growing upwards (on the slide); asymmetrical osteoid secretion

59
Q

What layer do the cells lining the bone form?

A

Cellular endosteum; lines all inside bone surfaces

60
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of this bone?

A

Woven bone (newly formed)

61
Q

What is the structure highlighted here?

A

Blood vessel within the periosteum, likely a capillary. Remember that bone is highly vascularized, while collagen is avascular.

62
Q

What is the macroscopic appearance of the bone here?

A

Spongy (cancellous) (trabecular) bone

63
Q

What are the steps of mineralization here?

A
  1. Resting
  2. Proliferation (“lifesaver” columns)
  3. Maturation + hypertrophy (expansion of lacunae)
  4. Degeneration + calcification (apoptotic chondrocytes, pyknotic nuclei)
  5. Resorption + ossification (replacing chondrocyte matrices with bone, then rapid mineralization)
64
Q

What causes the difference in color here?

A

Mineralized bone matrix is highly eosinophilic. Unmineralized/cartilaginous matrix is highly basophilic due to the presence of GAGs.

65
Q

What’s going on with this nucleus?

A

This is an example of pyknotic nuclei in a degenerating chondrocyte. Sign of apoptosis.

66
Q

Name the highlighted structures here.

A

Notochord, neural tube, developing spinal root (dorsal root ganglion here)

67
Q

What is this area termed?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

67
Q

Identify the epithelia, what they’re lining/facing, and what they derive from (left to right)

A

Left to right:
1. Ectoderm-derived epithelium facing amniotic cavity
2. Visceral layer lateral plate mesoderm-derived epithelium surrounding truncus arteriosus and facing pericardial cavity.
3. Mesoderm-derived endothelium of the aorta
4. Epithelium lining developing ventricle. Also from visceral layer, facing pericardial cavity.
5. Parietal layer lateral plate mesoderm-derived epithelium lining inside body wall facing pericardial cavity.

68
Q

What is this structure? What are its components?

A

Somite (area of condensed, developing mesenchyme next to neural tube). Myotome in the middle, developing striated muscle; dermatome = condensed mesenchyme towards epithelium, sclerotome = condensing mesenchyme closer to neural tube

69
Q

What are these two structures?

A

Trachea (anterior) and esophagus (posterior)

70
Q

What cells are these?

A

Developing embryonic erythrocytes

71
Q

What structures are here?

A

Brain (anterior, rostral neural tube) and developing eyes

72
Q

Name the layers of the cornea, left to right/anterior to posterior

A

-Corneal epithelium (strat. squam.)
-Bowman’s layer (basement + acellular collagen)
-Corneal stroma (dense connective)
-Descemet’s membrane (thick basement, acellular)
-Corneal endothelium (simple squam./cuboidal)

73
Q

Name the highlighted sections here left to right as well as the polarity of layers.

A

-Optic nerve fibers (basal against vitreous body)
-Ganglion cell layer
-Inner plexiform layer
-Inner nuclear layer
-Outer plexiform layer
-Outer nuclear layer
-Apical photoreceptor tips
-Cuboidal RPE
-Choroid layer (photoreceptor blood supply)
-Fibrous sclera around eye

74
Q

What is this structure and what is its purpose?

A

Ciliary body; specialization of retinal/uveal tissue. Contains pigmented epithelium (fluid source for anterior/posterior chambers),

COT Part I (13 decks)

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