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COT Part I > Lecture 5: Life of a Cell > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Life of a Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

ESC = true human stem cell, not found in adults

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2
Q

Stem cell

A

Cell that can divide indefinitely, self-regenerate, and differentiate into specific cell types

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3
Q

Progenitor cell

A

Cell that retains self-regeneration and some pluripotency; technically more differentiated than a true stem cell

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4
Q

Precursor cell

A

Differentiating cell that is not able to self-regenerate

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5
Q

Adult “stem” cells

A

Most pluripotent cell within a tissue.
-MSC: CT, muscle, adipose
-HSC: blood cells, some CT
-No stem cells for cardiac muscle
-Neural SCs
Spermato/oogonium: male/female germ line SCs
-Myosatellite cells

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6
Q

Cell cycle phases

A
  1. Gap-1 (G1)
  2. S-phase (DNA replication)
  3. Gap-2 (G2)
  4. Prophase
  5. Metaphase
  6. Anaphase
  7. Telophase
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7
Q

Quiescent cells

A

Cells that have left the cell cycle (gap-0/G0 phase); aka terminally differentiated cells

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA strand; 2 homologous chromatids joined by a centromere

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9
Q

Mitosis chromosome counting

A

2n1x (1 cell) -> 2n2x (1 cell) -> 2n1x (2 cells)

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10
Q

Meiosis chromosome counting

A

2n1x (1 cell) -> 2n2x (1 cell) -> 1n2x (2 cells) -> 1n1x (4 cells)

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11
Q

n, x system for chromatid counting counting

A

n = number of distinct chromatids (n = 23 in humans)
x = number of exact copies of each chromatid (x = 1 normally, x = 2 after DNA replication)

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12
Q

Gamete development stages

A
  1. Stem/progenitor cells (spermato-/oogonia)
  2. Pre-meiosis I (primary spermato-/oocytes)
  3. Pre-meiosis II (secondary spermato-/oocytes)
  4. (Male) precursors (spermatids)
  5. Adult cells: (spermatozoa, ova)
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13
Q

Telomeres

A

Repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends that protect them from fraying. Telomeres shorten after each division.

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14
Q

Types of cell death

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Necrosis/necroptosis
  3. Autophagy
  4. Senescence
  5. NETosis
  6. Many others (ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc.)
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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

Caspase-dependent cell suicide; orderly, non-immunogenic destruction

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16
Q

Necrosis/necroptosis

A

Non-caspase dependent cell death pathway; results in extracellularization of DNA/RNA (immunogenic DAMPs)

17
Q

DAMPs/PAMPs

A

Damage/pathogen associated molecular patterns. Recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to stimulate immune activity

18
Q

Autophagy

A

Compartmentalization and destruction of cytoplasm/organelles. Can rescue a stressed cell or lead to traditional cell death.

19
Q

Senescence

A

Exiting of cell cycle, leaves cell incapable of replication and creates secretome complex. Immortal cells escape senescence. Often caused by irreparable DNA damage; anti-tumor function.

20
Q

Secretome

A

Substances secreted by a senescent cell telling the immune system to kill and clean. Can induce inflammation and fibrosis.

21
Q

Types of tissue necrosis

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fat
  5. Fibrinoid
  6. Gangrenous
22
Q

Tissue necrosis by rate of chemical dissolution

A

Fast = liquefactive
Normal = caseous
Slow = coagulative

23
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Firm area due to acute blood loss to region. Cells are preserved due to limited macrophage activity

24
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Fluid products, primarily caused by neutrophil response

25
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

“Cheese-like”; balanced macrophage, neutrophil, lymphocyte response; disease specific process e.g. TB

26
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Lipid dominated necrotic tissue; adipose necrosis

27
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Caused by immune response in blood; creates deposits similar to clots

28
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Occurs when affected tissue is too large to be resolved by immune response or scarring, or if area is inaccessible to the immune system.

29
Q

Pus

A

Whitish fluid primarily made of cell debris from dying immune cells. Mechanically forces foreign material out of the tissue

30
Q

Differential stages of spermatogonia

A

Stem cells: Type A dense
Mitotically active: Type A pale
Final mitotic division: Type B pale

COT Part I (13 decks)

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