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Biopsychology > Lecture 9: medicalisation & pharmacalisation > Flashcards

Lecture 9: medicalisation & pharmacalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an institution in sociology?

A

Sociologist us the term institution to refer to enduring social structures including medicine as a social institution

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2
Q

What is Biomedicine?

A

Biomedicine – medicine, science, & technology work together as one institution

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3
Q

What is Social control?

A

refers to the formal and informal methods used by a social group to ensure that individuals conform to social nornm and to protect the existing balance of power among groups.

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4
Q

What are Social control agents?

A

Individuals or groups ( such as parents and religious leaders) that enforce social norms

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5
Q

What are Norms?

A

Social rules that define correct behaviour in society

Expectations that are socially enforced

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6
Q

What are the concepts of medicalisation in medical sociology?

A
  • how non-medical problem becomes defined as medical, usually in terms of illness and disorders
  • the process by which health or behaviour conditions come to be defined and treated as medical issues
  • the process by which certain events or characteristics of everyday life become medical issues, and thus come within the purview of doctors and other health professionals to engage with, study, and treat
  • The process of medicalization typically involves changes in social attitudes and terminology, and usually accompanies (or is driven by) the availability of treatments
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7
Q

Examples of social problems as medical problems

A 
●Obesity
●Menopause / Andropause
●Alcoholism
●Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
●Learning disabilities
●Anxiety (e.g., social anxiety disorder)
●Childbirth / Infertility
●Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
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8
Q

What are the cons of technology in illness (Hofmann & Svenaeus)?

A

➢Technology may create illness by making persons experience their bodies and lives in new ways, e.g., by revealing underlying disease.

➢Technology may alter persons’ conception of themselves and their vulnerability as well as their behaviour by revealing disease risks.

➢Technology can affect and change an already present illness experience (e.g., diabetes)

➢Technology can shape illness experience by making new phenomena and areas of ordinary life subject to measurement, attention, medical interpretation, and management.

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9
Q

Doctors are expected to report to the authorities all diseases that carry the risk of mass infection

True or false?

A

True

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10
Q

What is the Risk of iatrogenic diseases?

A

Harm caused by medical interventions (e.g. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria)

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11
Q

What is the effects of Media coverage of health and medical matters?

A

Growing interest in health issues among general public

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12
Q

What is the result of Increasing medical knowledge?

A

Ability of doctors to intervene increased compared to past (e.g. psychotropic drugs for mental illness, plastic surgery, sterilization, anti-impotence, sex-change procedure, abortions, sleeping pills)

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13
Q

What are some developments in medical technology (e.g. disease prevention, treatments and investigative procedures)?

A

Vaccinations
Vitamins
Supplements
CT scans

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14
Q

Define Pharmaceuticalisation accord gin to Abraham (2010)

A

The process by which social, behavioural or bodily conditions are treated , or deemed to be in need of treatment/intervention, with pharmaceuticals by doctors, patients or both

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of selling sickness?

A
  • Massive growth in drug markets – especially USA & Europe
  • Highly profitable – 25% per year for most companies
  • Sales uneven across the world – chronic health problems in ageing affluent societies – diseases of poverty?
  • Disease mongering (Moynihan) – widening the boundaries of treatable illness e.g. restless leg syndrome
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16
Q

What is selling sickness?

A

The claim that health problems have a pharma solution

17
Q

How do you change forms of governance and promote pharma innovation?

A
  • Changing relationship between regulators and the industry
  • Reduced regulatory hurdle & increased dependency of these agencies on industry
    • reduced regulatory review time & fast tracking of drugs for life threatening diseases
    • regulators competing for custom of companies

•New policies to increase role of regulators in promoting drug innovations
– help combat productivity crisis in big pharma

•Globalisation of governance based on interests of pharma – increased harmonisation

18
Q

How is health reframed in media ? What effect does it have on the population?

A
  • Media co-opted into disease mongering – e.g. exaggerate prevalence of a `disease’ (restless leg) & need for drugs
  • Media may legitimate need for drugs but also express critical voices
  • Internet as a channel for pharmaceuticalisation of daily life (e.g Viagra for sexual potency) but also a space to challenge practices – pro-anorexia websites
19
Q

What is the role of patients/ consumer groups in relation to pharmaceuticals?

A

Users of drugs as knowledgeable actors – assessing risks and benefits

•Potential for resistance and for aiding pharmaceuticalisation

•Self help/ patient advocacy orgs
– may support or challenge drug consequences

20
Q

What is the effect of the use of medical technologies?

A
  • Increasing numbers of aids for disabled people

* Dependency on medical technology (e.g. contraceptive implants, cardia pacemaker, life-support machine)

21
Q

What De-medicalisation?

A

The process by which a behavior or condition, once labeled “sick”, becomes defined as natural or normal

Example

  • Over-the-counter medicines
  • Growth in complementary therapies
  • Non-compliance with treatment
  • Homosexuality
22
Q

Which concept do critics of scientific medicine use to describe the use of drug therapies to treat “Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)” and “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)”?

(a) Eugenics
(b) Iatrogenesis
(c) Medicalisation
(d) Social engineering
(e) Social labelling

A

C

23
Q

The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ____________.

(a) Medicalization
(b) Deviance
(c) Interactionist theory
(d) Demedicalization

A

D

24
Q

Which of these is an example of the medicalization of deviance?

(a) A person with the flu is expected to be isolated and unproductive.
(b) The healthcare system is biased against people of lower incomes.
(c) Alcoholism used to define someone as being a bad person, now we treat
alcoholism as a disease.
(d) Doctors traditionally had an unequal amount of power over their patients, but
now we push for a more equal relationship.

A

C

25
Q

The medical model of deviance advocates which style of social control?

(a) Conciliatory
(b) Therapeutic
(c) Compensatory
(d) Penal

A

B

26
Q

What is the medicalisation of deviance?

A

The medicalization of deviance refers to the process whereby non‐normative or morally condemned appearance (obesity, unattractiveness, shortness), belief (mental disorder, racism), and conduct (drinking, gambling, sexual practices) come under medical jurisdiction.

27
Q

What are the implications of medicalisation?

A

medicalization has implications for social control, power, knowledge, authority, and personal liberty.

28
Q

What is medicalization?

A

The process of defining an increasing number of life’s problems as medical problems

29
Q

Medicalization is marked by increasing ?

A 
Levels of pharmaceutical consumption 
Use of other medical technologies
Frequency of visits to medical services
Risk of iatrogenic diseases 
Influence of medicine in previously non-medical domains
Levels of health surveillance
Media coverage of health and medical matters
Risk of iatrogenic diseases
30
Q

Examples of socialisation of medicine?

A

Roles and accountability within the NHS
The clinical consultation
The inverse care law
Social medicine and community medicine

31
Q

The health system is made up of the sectors

A

Lay
Folk
Professional

32
Q

Every culture contains a large number of guidelines which direct conduct in a particular situation. Such guidelines are known as:

(a) Culture
(b) Norms
(c) Folkways
(d) Mores

A

B

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