Lecture 3: stress & Health Flashcards
Define stress
According to psychological definition, stress occurs when
demands are appraised as exceeding a person’s resources to cope
What are the 4 classes of effects of stress?
Affective: shock, distress, anxiety, fear, depression, anger, frustration, lowered self-esteem, learned helplessness, guilt
Behavioural: smoking, alcohol, help seeking delay, poor adherence, relapse, social withdrawal, illicit drugs, risky sexual behaviours
Cognitive: poor attention, errors in decision-making, hypervigilance for threats, bias to interpret ambiguous events as threatening, mood-consistent memory
Physiological: activation of nervous system, hormone production, metabolic function, immune function, fatigue, disease and illness
Wha is the transactional model of stress?
demands/stressors are external or internal events that trigger stress responses
What are the different types of stressors?
Processive / psychogenic stressor; psychological in nature (complex cognitive processes that engage numerous brain areas)
Neurogenic: physical stressors
What are the stressor characteristics?
Type or duration such as acute events
Chronic stressors
Daily hassles
Traumatic stressors
Role strain
What is Burnout?
Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalisation
Reduced personal accomplishments
What is emotional exhaustion?
involves feelings of physical exhaustion, being depleted, worn out
What Is depersonalisation?
involves having an unfeeling, impersonal approach to co-workers or patients, cynicism, and a lack of engagement with the job or people.
What is reduced personal accomplishment?
involves a poor sense of effectiveness, involvement, commitment and engagement and a poor belief in one’s ability to change or improve work patterns or environment
What are resources?
are loosely defined as objects, states, conditions, and other things that people value
The value of resources varies among individuals and is tied to their personal experiences and situations
What are the different types of resources?
Psychological
Social
Material
What is personality?
Personality is a construct that is used to refer to an individual’s distinctive and characteristic patterns of behaviour, emotion and thought
Dimension of personality that have most effect on how a person responds to stress are those involving negative emotions
What is Neuroticism?
Neuroticism is a personality trait that involves tendency to experience negative emotions:
- anxious, tense, self-pitying, worrying, self-conscious, hostile, and vulnerable
People who are high in neuroticism experience?
low mood, anxiety, guilt, hostility, fear and report more somatic symptoms and are more at risk of psychological disorders
What is Coping?
Coping is defined as any attempt to cope with a stressor, irrespective of whether this is successful or not.
What does the effectiveness of coping depend on?
Type of stress
Individual
Circumstance
Type of coping responses/ strategies
What are Emotional-focused strategies?
Emotional expression (e.g., crying, anger); other-blame, self-blame, rumination, wishful thinking)
What are Problem-focused strategies?
problem solving: finding a solution to limit or eliminate the impact or presence of the stressor; cognitive restructuring (positive framing: re-assessing the situation or putting new spin)
What are Approach coping strategies?
try to deal with the situation pro-actively (overlap with problem-focused)
What are Avoidant coping strategies?
try to avoid the problem (active distraction; cognitive distraction; denial; drug use)
- e.g., avoidant coper may find it very difficult to discuss their illness, the side-effects or treatment or potential complications
What are the different types of coping strategies?
Emotional- focused strategies
Problem-focused strategies
Approach coping strategies
Avoidant coping strategies
What are the 3 perspectives to understand stress?
Response: Focus on the effect (physiological)
Stimulus: Focus on the cause (stressor)
Process: Focus on the person-environment interaction (transaction)
What is Appraisal?
an act of assessing something or someone