Lecture 9: HGT Flashcards
Mutations
Errors during DNA replication
-Types: induced (caused by mutagens) or spontaneous (common mutations)
Point mutation
Change one base pair to something else
Deletion
When a base pair sequence is removed from the DNA
Insertion
When base pairs are added to DNA sequence
Wildtype
Normal
Silent mutation
The final protein remains the same even though a base pair changed
- Cause by point mutations
Missense mutations
The final protein is changed into a different protein since the base pair was changed by point mutations.
Nonsense mutation
A base pair change causes the stop in a protein sequence
- Premature stop codon
Frameshift mutation
The reading frame is shifted and entire protein sequence is different
- Caused by insertion or deletion
Gene discovery
Screen for organisms that have mutation cells AKA are mutants
Prototrophs AKA wildtype
Organisms with no mutations and are self reliant since they synthesize all organic molecules needed for growth
Nutrients for growth
- 20 amino acids
- 4 nucleotides
- Lipids
- Plasma
Auxotrophs
Organisms that have mutations that inhibit them from being able to synthesize organic molecules for growth
Complex media
Has all nutrients for cells to grow
- Auxotrophs can grow on this
Chemically defined media
What plate that has only specific ingredients
- EX Glucose salts agar
- Prototrophs can grow on this because it can synthesize from any organic molecules
