Lecture 15: Antibiotic mechanisms

Question 1

Paul ehrlich

Answer 1

Studied bacteria infection and wanted to find a cure with someone that had syphillis (treponema pallidum) without injuring human host (magic bullet)

Question 2

Syphilis

Answer 2

Cause sores called shankers

Question 3

Salvarsan

Answer 3

Made by ehrlich which was antimicrobial, but highly toxic to host!

Question 4

Alexander Fleming

Answer 4

Founded green penicillin (mold) antibiotic which was produced by fungi

Question 5

Selective toxicity

Answer 5

Chemical that targets bacteria but leave host unharmed and his achieved by targeting crucial components in bacterial cell

Question 6

Therapeutic index

Answer 6

Dose that is toxic over therapeutic dose which tells how safe a drug is (TD50/ED50=Therapeutic index) high index=very safe

Question 7

Penicillin

Answer 7

Targets peptidoglycan in bacteria which is why it’s safe for humans

Question 8

Components of antimicrobial medication

Answer 8

1) selective toxicity
2) Mode of action
3) Spectrum or activity
4) Effects of combination
5) Tissue, distribution, metabolism, excretion
6) Adverse effects

Question 9

Bactericidal

Answer 9

Chemicals that kill bacteria

Question 10

Bacteriostatic

Answer 10

Chemicals that inhibits/slow bacterial growth and patient’s immune response must still eliminate bacteria

Question 11

Broad spectrum

Answer 11

• Benefits: when there is no time for patient’s analysis

- Drawbacks: can kill all healthy antimicrobial parts in the body

Question 12

Narrow spectrum

Answer 12

• Benefits: Does not kill resident microbes (microbiota)

- Drawbacks: Need to culture and need time

Question 13

Effects of combination

Answer 13

Some combinations are

1) Antagonistic: Don’t work good together
2) Additive: doesn’t fit in 1 or 3
3) Synergistic: Antibiotic that enhanced effect of second antibiotic

Question 14

Tissue distribution, Metabolism, Excretion,

Answer 14

Can it be excreted properly?
What parts of body will it reach?
How much will it be absorbed?

Question 15

Adverse effects

Answer 15

Some bacteria can have toxicity, cause allergies, and can suppress normal microbiota which may cause dysbiosis EX clostridium difficile

Question 16

Poop in a pill (Donated stool)

Answer 16

C diff can kill a lot, but “poop in a pill” can clear up 90% of people’s symptoms

Question 17

Antibiotic mechanism

Answer 17

Can target certain components such as cell wall, nucleus acid synthesis, and protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 18

Cell wall inhibitors

Answer 18

Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems

Question 19

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 19

Macrolides