Lecture 9: Gender

Question 1

Sex (female/male)

Answer 1

• Biological differences between females and males that are determined at conception
• Primary (genitals) and secondary sex characteristics (hormones)

Question 2

Gender (woman/men)

Answer 2

Social and cultural differences a society assigns to people based on their biological sex

Question 3

femininity

Answer 3

the cultural expectations of girls and women

Question 4

masculinity

Answer 4

the cultural expectations of boys and men

Question 5

gender identity

Answer 5

• A person’s sense of their gender may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth
• This typically falls into binary, non-binary, and ungendered

Question 6

gender expression

Answer 6

• The ways that a person expresses or communicates gender identity, usually through behaviour, appearance, mannerisms
• This may correspond with gendered stereotypes or social definitions of gender
• This may be based on the binary categories of male and female

Question 7

cisgender

Answer 7

when biological sex aligns with gender identity

Question 8

transgender

Answer 8

when biological sex does not align with gender identity

Question 9

cigender heterosexual

Answer 9

• sex assigned at birth matches current gender identity or does not identify as transgedner
• identifies as straight

Question 10

gender minority heterosexual

Answer 10

• sex assigned at birth does not match current gender identity or does identify as transgedner
• identifies as straight

Question 11

cisgender sexual minority

Answer 11

• sex assigned at birth matches current gender identity or does identify as transgedner
• identifies as anything other than straight

Question 12

gender and sexual minority

Answer 12

• sex assigned at birth dos not match current gender identity or does not identify as transgender
• identifies as anything other than straight

Question 13

overall patterns of mental health for women

Answer 13

• Internalizing disorders (disorders where you turn problematic feelings against yourself)
• Ex. anxiety, depression

Question 14

overall patterns of mental health for men

Answer 14

• Externalizing disorders (disorders where you turn problematic feelings against others)
• Ex. substance abuse, ASPD

Question 15

differences in mental health by race

Answer 15

narrower gender gap among Black Americans as compared to White Americans

Question 16

mental health of sexual minorites

Answer 16

lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: greater rates of mental distress, depression, and reported suicide attempts.

Question 17

mental health of gender minorities

Answer 17

transgender and gender nonconforming individuals = elevated odds of poor mental health

Question 18

depression in gender and sexual minorities

Answer 18

• ⅓ of cisgender sexual minorities were diagnosed with depression
• ½ to ⅔ of gender and sexual minorities were diagnosed with depression

Question 19

division of labour (men vs. women)

Answer 19

• Industrial revolution
• Public sphere (men) vs. private sphere (women)
• Productive work vs. emotional work

Question 20

power differentials (men vs. women)

Answer 20

• Second shift: women are expected to perform the majority of household work despite working
• Decision-making: women tend to have less decision-making power in the home and the workplace
• Higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage

Question 21

character traits (men vs. women)

Answer 21

• Women: submissive, nurturing, sensitive, emotional, dependent
• Men: assertive, dominant, independent, stoic, strong, leader

Question 22

division of labour (intersections of race & gender)

Answer 22

• Less division between the private sphere of family and the public sphere of the workplace
• Black women and men both believe in economic provision & emotional caretaking

Question 23

power differentials (intersections of race & gender)

Answer 23

More economic equality between Black women and men

Question 24

character traits (intersections of race & gender)

Answer 24

Black women & men exhibit more androgynous character traits

Question 25

structural mechanisms for differences in mental health by gender

Answer 25

• power differntials
• socioeconomic disadvantage
• self-salience

Question 26

psychosocial mechanisms for differences in mental health by gender

Answer 26

• exposure vs. vulnerability to stressors
• coping resources
• social relationships

Question 27

low self-salience

Answer 27

emphasizing the collective over the individual

Question 28

low self-salience and mental health

Answer 28

• This can lead to internalizing problems
• This is present in girls

Question 29

high self-salience

Answer 29

emphasizing the individual over the collective

Question 30

high self-salience and mental health

Answer 30

• This can lead to externalizing problems
• This is present in boys

Question 31

stressors of men vs. women

Answer 31

• Men are more likely to experience traumatic events (except sexual and domestic violence)
• Women are more likely to experience stressors in their social environment

Question 32

coping strategies of men vs. women

Answer 32

• Men are more likely to use problem-focused coping (changing the stressor itself) and women are more likely to use emotion-focused coping (changing your reaction to the stressor)

Question 33

social networks & roles of men vs. women

Answer 33

• Women are more likely to have an extensive social network
• But, this can also be bad for mental health if there are issues in one’s social network
• Women are more likely to have conflicting social roles (ex. mom guilt)

Question 34

double disadvantage hypothesis

Answer 34

health is not determined wholly in the context of one system of stratification. Instead, stratification systems overlap and intersect, disproportionately exposing individuals to disadvantage and directly and indirectly shaping health and wellbeing across the life course.

Question 35

mechanisms for the intersections of sex and gender

Answer 35

1. Greater incidence and severity of discrimination
2. Greater likelihood of misclassification
3. Compounding misalignment in the sex-gender-sexuality system