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PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity > Lecture 9 Core Astrids: Lamiids and Tundra Ecosystem > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Core Astrids: Lamiids and Tundra Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

What are leaf/stem characteristics of the Plantaginaceae family?

A
  • herbaceous
  • leaves simple
  • no stipules
  • attachment is variable: alternate, opposite, basal or whorled
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2
Q

What are floral characteristics of Plantaginaceae family?

A
  • flower perfects
  • inflorescence variable
  • 5-merous sympetalous flowers with two-parted corolla and obvious bilateral symmetry or almost radial symmetry and petal lobes of similar size (ex. linaria vulgaris)
  • 4 stamens that attach to petal (some also have a 5th, non-functional stamen)
  • ovary superior, syncarpous with 2 carpels and many ovules on axile placentae
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3
Q

What type of fruit does the Plantaginaceae family produce?

A

Capsule

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of the Plantago genus?

A
  • small plants with basal leaves and spikes of small flowers
  • main leaf veins are parallel
  • flower 4-merous, sympetalous
  • corolla dry and membranous
  • 4 stamens with equal length, long filaments
  • other traits are in common with other Plantaginaceae
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5
Q

What type of fruit does Plantago produce?

A

Circumscissile capsule (importnat for ID)
- has a dehiscence structure

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6
Q

What is the Lentibulariaceae family?

A

Bladderwort family
Diverse genera of aquatic insectivorous plants

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7
Q

What family is the Utricularia genus a part of?

A

Lentibulariaceae

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of Linaria vulgaris?

A

Didynamous stamens

3 petals fused into a lower and 2 petals fused into an upper lip (zygomorphic)

Ovary with 2 fused carpels with axile placentation

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9
Q

What is the difference between Utricularia and Plantaginaceae flowers?

A

Utricularia only has 2 stamens
Apart from this, flower morphology is the same
- flowers perfect
- 5-merous
- two parted corolla
- bilateral symmetry
- ovary superior

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10
Q

What are some distinctive characteristics of Utricularia?

A

Distinctive, very altered insectivorous leaves
- trigger hairs/absorptive hairs

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11
Q

What are uses of Lamiaceae (mint) family?

A

Diverse cosmopolitan family
Many culinary herbs
Essential oils

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12
Q

What are stem/leaf characteristics of Lamiaceae (mint) family?

A
  • Herbaceous
  • Square stems
  • Opposite leaves
  • Often aromatic
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13
Q

What are floral characteristics of Lamiaceae family?

A
  • 5-merous sympetalous flowers
  • flowers bilabiate or radial, in verticils (i.e. whorled arrangement in leaf axis) OR inflorescence spike-like
  • 4 stamens attached to the petals by filaments
  • 4-lobed ovary from 2 fused carpels, superior
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14
Q

What type of fruit does Lamiaceae produce?

A

Four 2-seeded nutlets
- it is a nutlet since seed coat stays fused
- also thicket than an achene

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15
Q

What family is the Fraxinus genus a part of?

A

Oleaceae (olive family)

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16
Q

What type of fruit does Fraxinus produce?

A

one-seeded samara

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17
Q

What are stem/leaf characteristics of Fraxinus genus?

A
  • Dioecious trees
  • Opposite, usually pinnately compound leaves
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18
Q

What are floral characteristics of Fraxinus genus?

A
  • Perianth reduced to 4 tiny sepals or none
  • 2 stamens per staminate flower
  • 2 fused carpels with 2 ovules per carpel
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19
Q

What three families are we reviewing that are a part of the Solanales order?

A

Solanaceae
Convolvulaceae
Boraginaceae

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20
Q

Where is the Solanaceae (tomato) family found?

A

It’s habitat is quite widespread

Very diverse in American tropics, many adapted to disturbed habitats

21
Q

What are leaf/stem characteristics of Solanaceae (tomato) family?

A
  • Herbs, shrubs, and small trees or vines
  • Alternate leaves
22
Q

What are floral characteristics of Solanaceae?

A
  • Flowers bisexual and radially symmetric
  • 5 sepals, connate and persistent
  • Superior ovary
  • 5 petals, connate –> wheel, bell, or funnel shaped corolla often with distinct lines in the petals where they were folded in bud
23
Q

Why is the Solanaceae family important?

A

Many important food plants (tomato, eggplant, potato)
Many poisonous species: alkaloids

24
Q

What type of fruit does the Solanaceae family produce?

A

Berry or capsule fruits

25
Q

What type of plants make up the Convolvulaceae (morning glory) family?

A

A family of vines
Sweet potato and some horticultural flowers
Some weeds

26
Q

What is the Convolvulaceae family’s habitat?

A

Widespread, but most are tropical/subtropical

27
Q

What are leaf/stem characteristics of the Convolvulaceae family?

A
  • Twining vines
  • Alternate leaves
  • Leaves tiny, scale-like in Cuscuta
28
Q

What are floral characteristics of Convolvulaceae?

A
  • Sympetalous
  • Funnel-shaped corollas, twisted in bud
  • Perfect flowers
  • Radially symmetric
  • 5 stamens attached by filaments to petals
  • 2 fused carpels, each with 2 seeds
  • superior ovary
29
Q

What type of fruit does the Convolvulaceae family produce?

A

Capsule fruits, 4-seeded

30
Q

What is Cuscuta? Why is it distinctive?

A

Parasitic vine that inserts into host to steal water, mineral nutrients, and carbohydrates
- seedlings rotate until they find a host plant (or die)
- Haustoria feeding from host plant stem

Serious problem in fields grown for forage

Viral diseases are easily spread through Cuscuta

31
Q

What is the Boraginaceae (forget-me-not) family’s habitat?

A

Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions

32
Q

What are stem/leaf characteristics of Boraginaceae family?

A
  • Herbaceous
  • Alternate, bristly leaves
33
Q

What are floral characteristics of Boraginaceae family?

A
  • Flowers in helicoid or scorpioid cymes
  • 5-parted, sympetalous
  • Superior ovary
  • Radially symmetry
  • Corolla often has appendages
  • fornices
  • 5 stamens attached by filaments to petals
  • 4-lobed ovary (composed of 2 fused carpels) giving four 1-seeded nutlets in fruit
34
Q

What type of fruit does Boraginaceae family produce?

A

Nutlets

35
Q

What is tundra?

A

Biome where it is too cold for trees to survive

36
Q

What are important factors for plant life in Arctic tundra?

A

Low precipitation, but also low evapotranspiration

Very cold temperatures in winter and cool to warm temperatures in summer

Strong winds

If average annual temperature is less than -2 degrees C, the subsoil will be frozen all year round –> permafrost

37
Q

How is topography in tundra impacted due to cold?

A

Freezing and thawing and lack of water infiltration lead to unique patterns of shallow lakes and vegetated hills with ice cores (pingos)

38
Q

What are pingos?

A

Small mountains formed from ice under the soil layer

39
Q

How does permafrost impact topography?

A

Leads to unique land formations –> polygon development due to incomplete freezing and thawing of ice

40
Q

How does differential time of spring lead to unique land formations?

A

Rivers flow north, so upstream areas thaw before downstream areas –> the result is ice dams and diversion of flow

41
Q

What are the three main ecosystems in the tundra biome?

A

Mires
Tundra
Barrens

42
Q

What does mire refer to?

A

general term for arctic wetlands, peat forming and underlain permafrost

43
Q

What does tundra ecosystem refer to?

A

vegetation dominated by graminoid species, or erect or prostrate shrubs, underlain by permafrost

44
Q

What do barrens refer to?

A

Areas with very sparse vegetation
On mountain sides, extremely cold and windy locations, other rocky areas

45
Q

What are the main stresses experiences by tundra plants?

A

Cold
Desiccation (drying out)
Low nutrient availability
Very short growing season
Lower insect pollinator diversity (no bees for example)

46
Q

What are main adaptations of tundra plant in response to environmental stresses?

A

Short (protection by snow)
Evergreen leaves
Perennial
Cushion growth form common
Vegetative reproduction is important
- asexual seed production, selfing, very common

47
Q

What are examples of arctic families of plants?

A

Salicaceae, Gentianaceaem Polygonaceae, Saxigragaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceaem Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae

48
Q

How is climate change impacting tundra biomes?

A

It is projected that for much of the boreal and tundra biomes, there will be a reduction in snowfall

Wildfires projected to become more frequent

Species might move north, but there are already communities of plants in these regions
- ex. expansion of beavers might have an impact on native arctic species

PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity (18 decks)

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