Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity > Lecture 7: Desert ecosystems and caryophylalles > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Desert ecosystems and caryophylalles Flashcards

1
Q

What clade contains many families that produce betalain pigments in place of anthyocyanin?

A

Caryophyllid clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some common traits in the Caryophyllales clade?

A
  • Unique and different seed anatomy
  • Production of betalain pigments in place of anthyocyanin
  • Often adapted to extreme habitats that may be dry, salty, high sulfur, high/low phosphorous soils
  • Wood production not common and has different anatomy than in other taxa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What order is the Caryophyllaceae family in?

A

Caryophyllales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the habitat of the Caryophyllales family?

A

Common in temperate regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the leaf/stem characteristics of the Caryophyllaceae family?

A
  • herbaceous
  • opposite leaves
  • swollen nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some flower characteristics of the Caryophyllaceae family?

A
  • flowers arranged in cymes
  • flowers perfect, radial, 4-5 sepals, 4-5 petals, which may be fused at the base or not
  • notched/split or clawed petals
  • 10 stamens
  • 2-5 carpels; it is not possible to see how many carpels in the ovary due to free-central placentation–but can count the stigma/styles
  • superior ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of fruit in the Caryophyllaceae family?

A

Capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is unique about the perianth in the Caryphyllaceae family?

A

5-merous flowers with petals often bifid (split), sometimes appearing almost like 10 petals

fused sepals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What clade is the Amaranthaceae in?

A

Caryophyllales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What two genera are in the Amaranthaceae family?

A

Amaranthus and Chenopodium
–> two important weeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the habitat of Amaranthaceae family?

A

Important in desert ecosystems since they are many salt tolerant species (weeds, ornamental plants, and vegetables)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some examples of vegetables in the Amaranthaceae family?

A

Beets, spinach, quinoa, other grains, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some characteristics of Amaranthus genus?

A
  • herbaceous
  • annual plants
  • often spiny inflorescences of small flowers
  • simple leaves
  • alternative leaves
  • spiny bracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some characteristics of Chenopodium genus?

A
  • herbaceous plants or shrubs
  • alternate simple leaves
  • plants often salt-tolerant (halophytic)
  • often stems, leaves, and sepals have a gritty texture (mealy surface)
  • no spines next to flowers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the Cactaceae family endemic to?

A

the Americas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some leaf/stem characteristics of the Cactaceae family?

A
  • Xeromorphic plants with succulent, photosynthetic stems that have stomata and usually no bark
  • Lateral branches modified into areoles with non-expanding stems and leaves changed to spines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some flower characteristics of the Cactaceae family?

A
  • Flowers solitary
  • Radial or bilateral symmetry
  • Flowers perfect
  • Inferior ovary, often with tubular epigynous hypanthium
  • Many petals
  • Many stamens
  • Often several carpels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of fruit in the Cactaceae family?

A

Berry (technically a berry surrounded by a fleshy hypanthium)

19
Q

What are aeroles?

A

Each areole represents a reduced lateral branch in which the leaves have been modified into spines

Flowers and new stems also may grow from them

20
Q

What order is the Polygonaceae (buckwheat) family a part of?

A

Caryophyllales

21
Q

What type of placentation in the Polygonaceae family?

A

Basal placentation –> does not have the unique embryological characters of other Caryophyllids

22
Q

What are some stem/leaf characteristics of the Polygonaceae (buckwheat) family?

A
  • Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves
  • Sheathing stipules called ochrea
23
Q

What are some flower characteristics of Polygonaceae?

A
  • Flowers relatively small
  • Perfect or unisexual
  • Ovary superior with 2-3 fused carpels with 1 seed
  • Flowers with either 3 inner and 3 outer tepals (of similar texture but different size) or 5-6 tepals in a single whorl
  • Stamens 2-9, often 6-8
24
Q

What type of fruit in the Polygonaceae family?

A

Achene with three sides

25
Q

What is an ochrea?

A

A sheathing stipule

26
Q

What are some characteristics of Fallopia japonica?

A
  • Perennial, herbaceous plant
  • Invasive especially along banks of waterways
  • Not very shade tolerant
  • Very good at establishing itself on coarse soil
27
Q

Which order is the Droseraceae family a part of?

A

Caryophyllales

28
Q

What are some characteristics of Droseraceae?

A

Carnivorous plants not traditionally associated with Caryophyllids, but they form a claude with them in phylogenetic trees based on both nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences

Unique habitats with challenging nutrient acquisition common in order

Often found in fens and bogs

Flower not important in identification

29
Q

What are some characteristics of Drosera genus?

A
  • Small plants with basal rosette of leaves
  • Leaves with glandular hairs to capture insects (insectivorous)
  • Perfect flowers
30
Q

What are some characteristics of deserts?

A

Low levels of precipitation; most less than 10 inches a year

Potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation

Can occur at different average annual temperatures and precipitation levels
- some areas lose water more than others, number of hours of sunlight, etc. impact this

In North American desert regions, there are several mountain ranges/isolated mountains
- these provide large gradients in temperature and precipitation/moisture availability

Water deficit –>

31
Q

Where is precipitation low globally?

A

At equator high sun intensity causes evaporation and a moist warm air mass to rise

As it rises, this air mass moves away from the equator, cools and releases moisture (in wet tropics region)

Cool, dry air falls at 30 degreed N or S latitude, causing bands of deserts at these regions

32
Q

What are challenging environmental conditions found in deserts?

A

Large fluctuations in day/night temperatures because few clouds to capture reflected infrared radiation, so no sun, no heat

Exposed soils (because of incomplete cover of vegetation) lead to high rates of weathering and erosion (since more sun exposure, more temperature fluctuations, exposure to wind) and very low OM content

Some deserts have salt concentrated at the surface because of evaporation from the soil bringing salts to the surface and not enough heavy rains to leach the salts out of the soil

33
Q

What are some plant interactions/adaptations in deserts?

A

Mutualistic/facilitation types of exchange are important/more frequent than in more productive environments for plant growth

Competition for resources still occurs, but the harsh growing conditions mean that being close to a neighbour might be more of an aid than a hinderance

Main positive exchanges: protection from herbivores, microhabitat of shade, wind blocking, and hydraulic lift from deeper rooted neighbours

34
Q

What are characteristics that make different regions have somewhat distinctive deserts?

A

Topography, continental location, geologic history, etc.

35
Q

What are four bigger named regions of deserts?

A

Great Basin
Mojave
Sonoran
Chihuahuan

36
Q

What is an important factor that influences species distribution at a local scale?

A

Topography

37
Q

What are some characteristics of the Great Basin desert (#5)?

A

Northern
Shrubby woody plants dominate
Less diverse than other desert regions
Western side of NA

38
Q

What type of vegetation at in basins at mid-elevations vs. lower elevations?

A

Mid-elevation: dominated by woodlands
Lower elevations: sparse grasslands to desert shrub

39
Q

What is a species that is dominant in the Great Basin shrublands?

A

Sagebrush –> deep roots bring water to the surface

40
Q

What are characteristics of Playa (closed lake basins?

A

During the last glaciation, these basins were flooded, but as the climate dried, the lowest part of the basin became dry, salty deposit where few plants can grow

41
Q

What are some characteristics of the Sonoran Desert (#10)?

A

High diversity
Habitats vary greatly with topography
Indicator species: Cactaceae
Spring habitats harbor remnants of the flora that prospered when the region was wetter during and after the last glaciation
Rivers and streams are also present

42
Q

What type of vegetation found in Sonoran desert?

A

Lower lands: Fabaceae trees common
Mesquite
Cactaceae
Asteraceae
Papaveraceae
Salicaceae
etc.

43
Q

What are some characteristics of the Mojave desert (#9)?

A

A transitional desert at fairly high elevations, parts with a good water supply, but also Death Valley
Joshua tree is the indicator species for this desert
Yucca (Asparagaceae family)

44
Q

What are some charactersitics of the Chihuahuan desert (#12)?

A

High-elevation warm desert in Texas, New Mexico and Mexico
Limestone and calcareous soils common
Rich diversity of Cactaceae and Asparagaceae: Agovoideae subfamily
Indicator species: Agave lechuguilla

PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions