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PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity > Lab 2: Floral Structures and Terminology > Flashcards

Lab 2: Floral Structures and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Acaulescent vs. caulescent

A

Acaulescent: having an inconspicuous stem (ex. onion, garlic, dandelions)
- stem usually not above ground

Caulescent: having a distinct stem, usually referred to when describing patterns of leaf attachment on a plant.

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2
Q

Adelphous

A

suffix indicating fusion of parts

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3
Q

Adnate

A

unlike parts are stuck together

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4
Q

Adventitious

A

New plant tissues grown from mature, nonmeristematic tissue; especially roots produced out of a stem tissue

  • If an adventitious plant is pulled up, it can grow new roots, wherever it is placed, as long as good conditions exist.
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5
Q

Bulb vs. corm

A

Bulb: a short, erect, underground stem surrounded by thick, fleshy leaves or leaf bases
- comprised of a plant’s stems and leaves.
- The bottom of the bulb is a compacted stem, with roots growing from it.
- Layers of nutrient-filled leaves sit at the bottom of the bulb and surround a bud that eventually becomes a flower.
- example: onion

Corm: a short, erect, underground stem covered with thin/inconspicuous, dry leaves or leaf bases
- Corms are swollen stem bases, solid units
- example: taro

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6
Q

Rhizome vs. stolon vs. tuber

A

Rhizome: a horizontal, underground (sometimes part-way out of the ground) stem with scale-like or inconspicuous leaves
- form roots from the bottom and send shoots upwards
- Example: ginger

Stolon: similar to a rhizome, but above the ground.

Tuber: a fleshy, thickened, underground modified stem (or root section) used for storage.
- formed from a stem or root
- Buds sprout from tubers (think of the “eyes” on a potato). Shoots grow upwards from many different places on the tuber.
- example: potatoes

–> all of these modified stem types are capable of vegetative reproduction

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7
Q

Node vs. internode

A

Node: the region of the stem where the leaf and bud are attached

Internode: the portion of the stem between nodes

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8
Q

Peduncle vs. Pedicel vs. Petiole

A

Peduncle: the stem of an inflorescence or of a compound fruit produced from one

Pedicel: the small stem of an individual flower or fruit

Petiole: the small stem of a leaf

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9
Q

Trichome vs. Indumentum vs. Glabrous vs. Pubescent vs. Glaucus

A

Trichome: a plant hair

Indumentum: a covering of plant hairs (covering of trichomes)
- plural: indumenta

Glabrous: lacking plant hairs

Pubescent: with a covering of hairs (description of plant)

Glaucus: with a waxy cover

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10
Q

Actinomorphic vs. zygomorphic

A

Actinomorphic: radially symmetrical, as in a sun flower; regular

Zygomorphic: having only one plane of symmetry, as in a pea or snapdragon
- bilaterally symmetrical

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11
Q

Androecium vs. gynoecium

A

Androecium: all of the male parts (stamens) of a flower

Gynoecium: all of the female parts (pistils) of a flower

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12
Q

Anthesis

A

The stage of flowering when the flower is ready to shed or receive pollen

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13
Q

Apetalous vs. asepalous

A

Apetalous: Without petals

Asepalous: without sepals

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14
Q

Apocarpous

A

Wit distinct carpels (that is, the carpels are not attached to each other)

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15
Q

Apomixis

A

Seed production without fertilization (a clone of the parent plant is produced in seed-like form in place of a sexually produced embryo)

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16
Q

Dehiscent vs. Indehiscent

A

Dehiscent: opening when mature

Indehiscent: staying closed when mature

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17
Q

Flower

A

the reproductive structure of an angiosperm plant

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18
Q

Inflorescence

A

All of the flowers together on a stem, in this case, each flower is often referred to as a floret, especially when the flower is small

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19
Q

Stamen

A

An individual male part of a flower, composed of the anther and the filament (filament connects the anther to the rest of the flower)

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20
Q

Anther

A

the part of a stamen that bears the pollen

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21
Q

Pistil

A

the pistil is the female portion of a flower
composed of the stigma, style, ovary
May be composed of one or several fused carpels

22
Q

Stigma

A

pollen is received

23
Q

Style

A

connect the stigma to the ovary

24
Q

Ovary

A

structure that contains the ovules/seeds

25
Q

Perianth

A

the outer, usually colourful parts of a flower consisting of the Calyx and the Corolla

26
Q

Calyx

A

Sepals collectively

27
Q

Corolla

A

Petals collectively

28
Q

Sepals

A

the outermost whorl, often they are green

29
Q

Petals

A

the innermost whorl, often they are colourful

30
Q

Monoecious vs Dioecious

A

Monoecious: male and female flowers are on the same plant

Dioecious: male and female flowers are on different plants

–> These two terms only apply to species with separate male and female flowers, otherwise plants are said to have “perfect” flowers. There are also polygamous species that have perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant.

31
Q

Achene

A

A dry fruit, often contains only one seed
Seed coat can be separated from the seed (e.g. sunflower seeds)
May have hairs to aid in wind dispersal (these hairs are called a papus)

32
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Fruit produced from more than one carpel of a flower
These are close to each other, but not joined at maturity.
Could be dry or fleshy at maturity.
- example: raspberry

Aggregate fruits may also be Accessory fruits, where the fleshy tissue of the fruit is not produced from the ovary (example hips, flesh is from the rose fruits)

33
Q

Berry

A

a soft, fleshy fruit (flesh produced from the ovary wall) with one to many seeds, technically only applicable to fruits produced from a single pistil, such as grapes, blueberries, and cranberries, but also tomatoes and eggplant

In common usage any small, soft fruit, which would include raspberries and blackberries (which are aggregate drupes) and strawberries (several achenes on a fleshy receptable; technically an accessory fruit)

34
Q

Drupe/stone fruit

A

a fruit produced from the ovary wall with a hard inner pericarp (the stone) and fleshy outer layer (many Rosaceae fruits: cherries, plums, apricots, peaches)

35
Q

Capsule and three types

A

a dry fruit produced from fused carpels, opens at maturity

There are several types of capsules:

  • Loculicidal: capsules opens only near the top by lengthwise splitting (e.g. iris)
  • Septicidal: capsules split lengthwise the whole length of the capsule
  • Poricidal: capsules open by holes near the top (e.g. poppy)
36
Q

Caryopsis or grain

A

a fruit with a hard outer shell, not splitting open at maturity, produced from a simple pistil

Seed coat sticking to the seed at maturity

37
Q

Follicle

A

fruit dry at maturity, splitting open at maturity

From one simple pistil (i.e. a flower with one carpel)

Splitting on one line (ex. milkweeds)

38
Q

Hesperidium

A

a berry with septa evident, and a leathery outer layer (many Rutaceae, lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit)

39
Q

Nut

A

a fruit with a hard outer shell, not splitting open at maturity

Produced from a compound pistil

40
Q

Pepo

A

a berry with a hard outer layer, and no septa evident (many Cucurbitaceae fruits: squash, pumpkin)

41
Q

Pod/legume

A

fruit dry at maturity, splitting open at maturity

From one single pistil (i.e. a flower with one carpel)

Splitting on two lines (Fabaceae fruits: beans, peas, alfalfa, clovers)

42
Q

Lomentum

A

a pod that when mature breaks up into segments, each with one seed

43
Q

Pome

A

flesh of fruit derived from the hypanthium, surrounds papery carpels which contain the seeds (Rosaceae fruits: apple, pear, amelanchier, aronia, hawthorn)

44
Q

Silicle/Silique

A

a dry fruits with two fused carpels, splitting open at maturity along with a thin partition (the septum)

Brassicaceae have this fruit type

45
Q

Samara

A

achene with a wing for wind dispersal (e.g. maple, ash, elm)

46
Q

Schizocarp

A

dry fruit from a compound pistil (carpels two or more)

carpels separating at maturity, but each retaining its seed(s)

Umbeliferaceae: carrot, parsnip

47
Q

Ovary superior

A

attached above the other points of attachment on the receptacle

floral parts hypogynous (attached below the ovary)

48
Q

Ovary inferior

A

floral parts epigynous (in this case receptacle tissue surrounds ovary, and floral parts are above the ovary)

49
Q

ovary superior

A

floral parts form an hypanthium

perigynous

50
Q

ovary placentation

A

pattern of ovule attachment within the ovary

PLNT 358 Flowering Plant Diversity (12 decks)

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