Lecture 9- complex brain functions

Question 1

what is the normal 24 hour sleep/awake function cycle

Answer 1

2/3 awake
1/3 sleep

Question 2

what structure helps the circadian rhythm with wakefulness

Answer 2

brainstem
ARAS

Question 3

what structure helps the circadian rhythm with sleep

Answer 3

thalamus

Question 4

how does the thalamocortical neurons help with sleep

Answer 4

low frequency action potentials with Ca2 spike

Question 5

how does the thalamocortical neurons help with awake

Answer 5

high frequency action potentials without Ca2 spike

Question 6

what are the nuclei and corresponding neurotransmitters that help the ARAs with alertness

Answer 6

cholinergic: acetylocholine (both ascending and descending tracts)
raphe nuclei: serotonin
locus coeruleus: norepinephrine

Question 7

what structure has the final say in circadian rhythm

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

what does the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

Answer 8

improve alertness of higher cortical and subcortical structures
activate ARAS- alertness
activate tuberomammillary- arousal

Question 9

what does the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

Answer 9

awake
histamine
increase arousal for CNS

Question 10

what does the VLPO nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

Answer 10

asleep
inhibit ARAS and tuberomammillary nucleus
decrease alertness and arousal

Question 11

what structures are apart of DMN

Answer 11

post cingulate cortex
ventromedial pre frontal cortex
temporal parietal junction

Question 12

what structure is most active at cognitive rest

Answer 12

posterior cingulate cortex

Question 13

what functions does DMN play a role in

Answer 13

social cognition- know thyself (DMN) know others (all others)
social life

Question 14

what are the 4 phases of attention

Answer 14

selection
sustenance
division
change

Question 15

what is the role of the subcortical regions in attention control network

Answer 15

reflexive

Question 16

what are the subcortical structures used for attention

Answer 16

superior colliculus to coordinate locomotion (MLR)
thalamus- pulvinar nucleus- dorsal stream (DLR)

Question 17

what are the cortical structures used in attention

Answer 17

dorsal frontal-parietal pathway
ventral pathway

Question 18

what stimuli and function is used for dorsal frontal parietal pathway

Answer 18

endogenous stimuli
voluntary, dorsal stream

Question 19

what stimuli and function is used for ventral pathway

Answer 19

exogenous
reorienting
reflexive, ventral stream

Question 20

for attention, what is the lateralization

Answer 20

L- serial and detials
R- parallel and full picture

Question 21

what is selection of attention based on

Answer 21

learned experience = memory

Question 22

what is declarative memory

Answer 22

explicit
semantic- facts
episodic- events

stored in temporal lobe

Question 23

what is non declarative memory

Answer 23

implicit
priming, procedural, conditioning

stored in temporal lobe and other brain structures

Question 24

how is memory better encoded

Answer 24

salience

Question 25

where does emotional memory take place and how is this beneficial

Answer 25

amygdala improve encoding and consolidation and prevent extinction

Question 26

what are the effects of HPA axis

Answer 26

norepinephrine and epinephrine increase alertness and arousal which directly improves encoding and consolidation indirectly through the amygdala

Question 27

what stream and cortex is involved in determining "WHAT we see"

Answer 27

ventral stream in inferotemporal cortex

Question 28

how are different objects stored in the inferotemporal cortex

Answer 28

med- lat: stubby to spiky sup-inf: animate to inanimate

Question 29

where are place cells and the function

Answer 29

male hippocampus one specific spatial location

Question 30

where are grid cells and the function

Answer 30

females entohinal cortex spatial hexagonal area

Question 31

what are the functions of place and grid cells as a whole

Answer 31

encode episodic memory time, location, direction, distance guide navigation spatial cognition- memory and behaviors

Question 32

what happens with forgetting or natural memory loss

Answer 32

lone time with less use like pruning

Question 33

what must consolidation be built upon so forgetting isnt possible

Answer 33

attention

Question 34

what are central components of language

Answer 34

M1/S1/A1/V1 wernickes and brocas aphasia

Question 35

what are peripheral components of language

Answer 35

CN ansa cervicalis phrenic n lungs, larynx, pharynx, moith

Question 36

what is semantic memory in language

Answer 36

extracting meaning from language

Question 37

what is lexicon

Answer 37

meaning of the words

Question 38

what is the lateralization of language

Answer 38

L- comprehension and production of language R- prosody

Question 39

how do childrens brains differ from adults in language functions

Answer 39

kids use extreme capsule fiber system plus arcuate fasciculus

Question 40

what are the homeostatic changes with the asleep and awake cycle

Answer 40

decrease body temperature during sleep increase hormones during sleep: growth hormone and cortisol

Question 41

how many slow and rapid eye movement stages are their in sleep

Answer 41

5 4 slow or non-rapid 1 rapid