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DPT 803: Neurobio 2 > Lecture 8- Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the ability of neural circuits to change through growth and reorganization happening through development

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2
Q

where do stem cells align during development

A

along ventricular wall and central canal of sp cord

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3
Q

what do stem cells differentiate into during development

A

glioblast and neuroblasts

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4
Q

what glioblast develops before

A

radial glia which innervates the pia mater

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5
Q

where does post natal neuroplasticity take place

A

migrate horizontally after climbing glial process

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6
Q

what does neuroblasts develop into

A

neurites

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7
Q

what are neurites

A

extension from neuron soma
defines neuron types and functions
can develop into axons

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8
Q

what are types of neurites

A

multipolar- UMN, LMN and most interneurons
pseudounipolar- DRG, sensory neurons
bipolar- olfactory, visual, some interneurons

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9
Q

what is the importance of polarity of neurons

A

distinctive proteins attracted to neurite tip by directional stimuli

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10
Q

how does neurotrophins function as chemoattraction factors

A

different traget cells secret different neurotrophins- cytokines which call for specific fuhnctions

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11
Q

what are the functions of neutrophins

A

retrograde to somata for survival

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12
Q

where does neurotrophins as chemoattraction factors take place

A

peripheral process of sensory neurons in DRG

pseudounipolar neurites

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13
Q

what is block apoptosis

A

neurites die in order sequence d/t not getting neurotrophins

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14
Q

what is the importance of chemorepulsion

A

cytokines avoid abnormal intercations

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15
Q

what is self avoidance

A

intra- neuronal repulsion

same dendrite from same soma

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16
Q

what is tiling

A

inter-neuronal repulsion

different dendrites repulse

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17
Q

what is the balance of chemoattraction and chemorepulsion

A

attraction is the direction of the neurite extension where repulsion is the turning along the extension

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18
Q

how does CN II show a balance of chemoattraction and repulsion

A

temporal retina has chemoattraction towards the same side its on

nasal retina has chemoattraction from cont5ra side and is repulsed from ipsi, thus creating the optic chiasm

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18
Q

what gene defines external genitalia

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome

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19
Q

what synthesizes male sexual hormones

A

cholestrol

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20
Q

how does sexual hormones for the male brain develop and affect behavior

A

2 phases- prenatal and puberty

different LMN neural pools
amgydala for males= voilence d/t fewer astrocytes to insulate and inhibit neurons

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21
Q

how does sexual hormones for the female brain develop and affect behavior

A

1 phase- puberty phase

more astrocytes= less violence

22
Q

what improves the production of dendrites and neurites

A

sexual hormones

23
Q

t/f

sexual hormones inhibit spinogenesis along dendrites

A

false, they help the production of spine sprouting

24
Q

where are major synaptic points during development of sexual hormones

A

dendritic spine

25
Q

where in the brain does oxytocin affect in praire vole

A

prefrontal cortex
caudate/putamen
nucleus accumbens

26
Q

where in the brain does oxytocin affect in montane vole

A

not in

27
Q

where in the brain does ADH affect in praire vole

A

ventral pallidum

28
Q

where in the brain does ADH affect in montane vole

A

lateral septal nuclei

29
Q

how does oxytocin and ADH affect behavior in the prairie vole

A

monogamy meaning that both parents will help

30
Q

how does oxytocin and ADH affect behavior in the montane vole

A

polygamy meaning only females will raise

31
Q

what is the difference in the female brain vs male brain

A

female- more developed limbic lobe, olfactry n, SMA meaning more emotional, more internal cues, but difficult spatial orientation

male- more developed orbitofrontal, corpus callosum, amygdala

32
Q

how can a more developed corpus callosum in the male brain be bad

A

if a stroke occurs, slower recovery d/t more damage

33
Q

when synapses start forming in early stages, what is happening

A

axons extend to target structures due to the amount of neurotrophins

mainly to dendrites, axons, cell bodies and target cells

34
Q

how are synapses formed

A

by complex proteins to form chemical or electrical

35
Q

what happens in late stages of synaptogenesis

A

synapse pruning if not strengthened

36
Q

what receptors are available during synaptogenesis and pruning in the post synaptic membrane

A

AMPA and NMDA

37
Q

what is the function of the AMPA receptor in post synaptic membrane

A

ligand gated ion channel dependent on presynaptic stimuli then will depolarize post synaptic membrane changing NMDA

38
Q

what is the function of the NMDA receptor in post synaptic membrane

A

Ca2 channel blocked by Mg2

39
Q

what happens when their is above 5 uM of Ca2 in post synaptic membrane

A

activate kinase transfers more AMPA to post synaptic membrane that strengthens the synapse leading to LTP

40
Q

what happens when their is below 1 uM of Ca2 in post synaptic membrane

A

activate phosphates leading to endocytosis of AMPA in post synaptic membrane leading to pruning and LTD

41
Q

what are the critical stages of development during pruning of the synapse

A

birth- guided extension
2- over amount of synapse
6- synapse prune= mature neural connection

42
Q

when does myelination complete

A

until late 20

43
Q

what is the importance of pruning

A

helps each neuron send an output conveying different messages done by LTP and LTD

LTP- strengthening synapses most used

LTD- decrease strength synapse and get rid of synapse not used

44
Q

where are stem cells housed

A

dentate gyrus of hippocampus and subventricular zone (septal nuclei)

45
Q

how do blast cells migrate

A

along radial glial process then horizontal transfer

46
Q

what is the function of neuroblasts during neurogenesis

A

only for granule cells in hippocampus
granule and periglomerular cells in olfactory bulb, rostral migration

47
Q

what is the function of glioblast during neurogenesis

A

mainly oligodendrocytes

48
Q

what is diaschisis

A

local injury results in both local and distant functional loss

ex. MCA stroke affects whole brain, occipital, and L hemineglect

49
Q

what are the 3 types of neuroplasticities

A

peripheral axon injury- potential full regrowth

CNS- activating glia, loss of neurons and function

CNS- activating glia, rarely neurogenesis for lost neurons, restore function

50
Q

how does neuroplasticity of CNS regenerate axons

A

disruption of BBB, recruits glia and last weeks while invading immune cells last months. Both contribute to glial scar formation which can block regeneration of axons

51
Q

what is chromatolysis

A

death of neurons, no neurotrophins transported back to cell body

52
Q

how does intra-modality reorganization of neuroplasticity work

A

when the non used part of the brain is used for the same sensory

non M1 used for feet now used for hand. more homunculus for hand

53
Q

how does inter-modality reorganization of neuroplasticity work

A

braille reading for blind patients increases connection to S1 while decreasing connection to dorsal/ventral stream and motor cortex

DPT 803: Neurobio 2 (9 decks)

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