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DPT 803: Neurobio 2 > Lecture 4- Motor control- UMN > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Motor control- UMN Flashcards

1
Q

what is motor control

A

process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful volitional movement

responding to environment

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2
Q

what is the hierarchical organization of motor control

A

4 levels
2 side loops

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3
Q

what are the levels of the hierachical of motor control

A

level 2-4= UMN
level 1=LMN

level 4= multimodal association cortex
level 3= motor cortex
level 2= brainstem

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4
Q

what are the side loops of hierachical of motor control

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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5
Q

what is in level 4 of motor control

A

cingulate motor area= limbic system
posterior cortex
frontal eye field
language areas
prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

what is brodmans area for posterior parietal cortex

A

5,7

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7
Q

what is brodmans area for frontal eye field

A

8

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8
Q

what is brodmans area for brocas area

A

44, 45

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9
Q

what is brodmans area for wernickes area

A

22

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10
Q

what is function of the prefrontal cortex for motor control

A

functional execution

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11
Q

what makes up the cingulate motor area

A

L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
cingulate motor area

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12
Q

what is the function for the L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for motor control

A

motor planning and execution

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13
Q

what is the function for the orbitofrontal cortex for motor control

A

collecting and summarizing results of motor program

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14
Q

what is the function for the cingulate motor area

A

calculating reward of motor program performed

decision making- to do or not to do

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15
Q

where does the alternative motor control theory of investment and reward take place

A

cingulate motor area

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16
Q

what visual pathway does the posterior partial pathway use

A

dorsal stream
processing/spatial representation= WHERE
visuomotor transformation- HOW to respond to stimuli

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17
Q

where does hand reach/grasp function take place

A

posterior parietal cortex
lateralized to L hemisphere

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18
Q

what is the function of the
posterior parietal cortex

A

processing object size
orientation
hand matching
eye hand coordination

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19
Q

where does hand eye coordination take place

A

posterior parietal cortex
saccadic eye movement

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20
Q

how does lateralization work in the posterior parietal cortex

A

R: bi attention and scanning, spatial cognition
L: praxis and language

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21
Q

if a stroke happened in the R posterior parietal lobe, what would be the outcome

A

L side hemineglect

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22
Q

if a stroke happened in the L posterior parietal lobe, what would be the outcome

A

apraxia

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23
Q

what makes up level 3 of motor control

A

unimodal association cortex= PM and SMA
primary motor cortex

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24
Q

what is brodmans area for SMA

A

6

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25
Q

what is brodmans area for PM

A

6, dorsal and ventral

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26
Q

what is brodmans area for M1

A

4

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27
Q

where is the SMA

A

medial frontal lobe, anterior to M!

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28
Q

what is the function of SMA

A

talk to cingulate motor area
performance by internal cues
coordination of sequential tasks

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29
Q

what is the open loop and where can it be found

A

based on internal cues, no external
top down
found in SMA

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30
Q

when is open loop or SMA active

A

during motor imagery
mental rehearsal of bimanual and sequential tasks

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31
Q

for simple motions, what part of the brain is active

A

unilateral M1/S1

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32
Q

for complex motion what part of the brain is active

A

unilateral M1/S1
bilateral SMA

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33
Q

during motor imagery of complex motion, what part of the brain is active

A

bilateral SMA

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34
Q

where can PM be found

A

dorsal to ventral along brodmans 6

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35
Q

what is the function of PM

A

preparation of movement
correct and incorrect actions
various sensory actions along with motor

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36
Q

what neurons within the PM help prep for movement

A

motor set neurons

37
Q

what neurons within the PM signal various sensory aspects associated with motor actions

A

mirror neurons

38
Q

what is the function of mirror neurons

A

where perception and action integrate

39
Q

where are mirror neurons NOT found

A

occipital lobe

40
Q

what pathways do mirror neurons integrate and what are the functions

A

sensorimotor pathway- learning movement
emotion pathway- self and social cognition

41
Q

what happens if the mirror neurons are not integrated on these pathways and not integrated into daily life

A

autism spectrum disorder

42
Q

What and where is the closed loop

A

reliance on external cues
down top
PM

43
Q

how does the closed loop work in the PM

A

distinguishes the same movement based on behavioral context

uses motor imagery and mirror neurons

44
Q

when is PM most active

A

if the object is heavier= more S1 activation= more PM

if object is lighter= less S1 activation = less PM

45
Q

what is apraxia

A

can not perform skilled or learned movements with intact sensory and motor

mirror neurons connection are lost (sensorimotor pathway)

46
Q

what is ideational apraxia

A

loss of action sequencing
knows the tool but not how to use it

47
Q

what is ideomotor apraxia

A

knows how to perform the activity but can not perform it

48
Q

what is limb-kinetic apraxia

A

unable to make precise, independent but coordinated movement

49
Q

why is it mostly related to L PM and posterior parietal cortex

A

L posterior parietal = praxis and language function compromised

PM= functions of behavioral context, mirror neurons for sensorimotor and emotion pathway compromised

50
Q

how was the homunculus updated

A

3 symmetrical concentric, spaced by 3 cognitive control regions

51
Q

how is the updated homunculus clinically relevant

A

poor foot, hand and tongue fine motor control recovery

52
Q

how do UMN work in motor control

A

control motion patterns not a single muscle contraction

53
Q

how does S1 and M1 distribution differ

A

S1 is strict

M1 is gradient distribution due to pattern of activities

54
Q

what neurons are the fastest in motor control

A

M1 neurons fire before the onset of movement

existing mechanism for direct LMN control

55
Q

what is the function of the M1 neurons

A

force, extent, speed, direction of meovement

56
Q

what in the M1 motor control defines the intention of movement

A

pyramidal cells
columnar oversee specific behaviors

57
Q

what are S1 functions within motor control

A

sends directly to to M1 for adjustment of movement constantly

58
Q

what are the function of the monosynaptic M1 neurons

A

directly form synapse with LMN for fine motor control

59
Q

where is monosynaptic M1 neurons developed and located

A

postnatally
caudal M1, anterior bank of central sulcus

60
Q

what are the function of the disynaptic neurons of M1

A

dorsal PM= LE
ventral PM= speech, UE

61
Q

where is disynaptic M1 neurons developed and located

A

rostral M1
PM
SMA
2 from cingulate gyrus
posterior parietal lobe

62
Q

how do the cortico tracts descend for motor control

A

through post limb of intrnal capsule

63
Q

how does topography maintain during descent of cortico tracts

A

rotates from med to lateral of face to LE to ant to post

64
Q

where is gross topography maintained during descent of cortico tracts

A

above pons

65
Q

what makes up the corticobulbar tract

A

6 CN nuclei (without III/IV/VI) for head and neck m
brainstem control= red/reticular/vestibular nuclei

66
Q

what is the corticobulbar tract

A

motor nuclei of the brainstem

67
Q

what corticospina tract descends and decussates

A

lateral corticospinal
decussates in pyramid of caudal medulla and descends to lateral fasiculus

68
Q

other corticospinals just descend and do not decussate, where do they descend and what are the functions

A

medial= anterior fasiculus for bi trunk, postural control

ipsi lateral= ipsi funiculus for extremity flexors, fine motor

69
Q

what is the function of the lateral cortico spinal

A

extremity flexors for fine motor

70
Q

what makes up level 2 of motor control

A

midbrain= rubrospinal
pons= pon reticulospinal and vestibulospinal
medulla= medullary reticulospinal

71
Q

what is the function of the rubrospinal tract

A

fine motor control
flexors of UE and trunk

72
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract decussate and descend

A

midbrain
lateral fasiculus

73
Q

where does new skill learning function take place

A

through red nucleus to inf olivary nucleus to cerebellum by climbing fibers

74
Q

what nucleus combines with the rubrospinal tract

A

red nucleus

75
Q

where does the pon and medullary reticulospinal tract descend to

A

bilateral projection to ant fasiculus

76
Q

what is the function of the pon reticulospinal

A

all spinal levels
extensors
posture control

77
Q

what is the function of the medullary reticulospinal

A

all spinal levels
flexors
need caudal M1

78
Q

what nucleus combines with the pon/medullary reticulospinal

A

reticular nuclei

79
Q

where does the lat vestibulospinal descend and the function

A

ipsi ant fasiculus
prox extremity extensors

80
Q

where does the med vestibulospinal descend and the function

A

bilateral ant fasiculus
neck/upper trunk ext

81
Q

what nuclei combines for the med/lat vestibulospinal

A

vestibular nuclei

82
Q

where is the lesion for decerebrate posture

A

without cerebral peduncle
below red nucleus

83
Q

what is the synergy patterns for decerebrate posture

A

UE- ext
LE- ext

84
Q

what tracts are affected in a decerebrate posture

A

rubrospinal and corticospinal= no flexors

no inhibition of level 2= UE in EXT

85
Q

where is the lesion for decorticate posture

A

without cerebral cortex
above red nucleus

86
Q

what is the synergy patterns for decorticate posture

A

UE- flx
LE- ext

87
Q

what tracts are affected in a decorticate posture

A

UE flexors active during rubrospinal tract without cerebral cortex

88
Q

what tract is active in both decorticate and decerebrate postures

A

vertsibulospinal due to the active BLE ext

DPT 803: Neurobio 2 (9 decks)

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