Lecture 1- Spinal Cord

Question 1

what makes up the cervical enlargement

Answer 1

cervical and brachial plexus

Question 2

what makes up the lumbosacral enlargement

Answer 2

lumbar and sacral plexus

Question 3

where does the spinal cord start and end

Answer 3

foramen magnum to T12-L2 level

Question 4

what is the end of the spinal cord

Answer 4

conus medullaris

Question 5

what flows through the vertebral foramen

Answer 5

sp cord

Question 6

what flows through the intervertebral foramen

Answer 6

sp nerve

Question 7

what makes up the sp canal

Answer 7

vertebral foamen and sacral canal

Question 8

what are the sp meninges

Answer 8

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 9

what attaches the arachnoid mater to the pia mater on the sp cord

Answer 9

denticulate ligament

Question 10

where does CSF flow in the sp cord

Answer 10

arachnoid space

Question 11

what does the pia mater condense to in the sp cord

Answer 11

filum terminate internum

Question 12

what does the dura mater condense to in the sp cord and at what level

Answer 12

filum terminate externum
S2

Question 13

what does the anterior sp a come from

Answer 13

both vertebral a

Question 14

where does the posterior sp a come from

Answer 14

each PICA

Question 15

where does the ant sp a innervate on the sp cord

Answer 15

2/3 of sp cord and anteromedial medulla

Question 16

where does the post sp a innervate on the sp cord

Answer 16

post sp cord and medulla

Question 17

what blood supply is affected for brown sequard syndrome

Answer 17

central branches that alternate segments

Question 18

what makes up the structural divisions of the sp cord

Answer 18

funiculus or fasciculus

Question 19

what makes up the functional divisions of the sp cord

Answer 19

pathways tracts and systems

Question 20

where do the synapses cross over within the sp cord

Answer 20

anterior white commissure

Question 21

what are the structural differences between the prox and distal sp cord

Answer 21

prox: more tracts, more white matter
distal: less tracts, more gray matter

Question 22

how many laminae are located within gray matter of sp cord

Answer 22

10 from dorsal to ventral

Question 23

where is laminae IX located and the function

Answer 23

laminae VII and VIII both motor functions

Question 24

where is substansia gelatinosa in gray matter and function

Answer 24

laminae II
sensory- modulate pain and temp
all levels

Question 25

where is clarke's nucleus in gray matter and function

Answer 25

laminae VII sensory- post spinocerebellar tract T1-L2

Question 26

where is intermediolateral column in gray matter and function

Answer 26

laminae VII Vm- preganglionic sympathetic neurons T1-L2

Question 27

where is sacral parasympathetic nucleus in gray matter and function

Answer 27

laminae VII Vm- preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (pelvic viscera) S2-S4

Question 28

where is accessory nucleus in gray matter and function

Answer 28

laminae IX M- SCM and trap C1-5

Question 29

where is phrenic nucleus in gray matter and function

Answer 29

laminae IX M- diaphragm neurons C3-5

Question 30

what functionals components are at all levels of the sp cord

Answer 30

Sm- laminae IX in VIII Ss - no C1, laminae i-V

Question 31

where is Vm function on sp levels and laminae

Answer 31

sym- T1-L2 para- S2-4 laminae IX in VII

Question 32

where is Vs function on sp levels and laminae

Answer 32

follows Vm most sp levels- sympathetic trunk lamina I-V

Question 33

what makes up the ventral horn

Answer 33

LMN directly innervate m

Question 34

how are mm innervated in the ventral horn from medial to lateral

Answer 34

axial to distal extremity

Question 35

how are mm innervated in the ventral horn from ant to post

Answer 35

extensor to flexor

Question 36

how do the 3 functional cerebellar lobes correlate to the ventral horn

Answer 36

ventral - medial to lateral spino- proximal vestibulo- posture control cerebro- fine motor control (distal)

Question 37

what is the function of LMN in sp cord

Answer 37

executor of mvmts

Question 38

what is a motor neuron pool within the sp cord

Answer 38

somata clustered in a column to regulate a m

Question 39

within the motor neuron pool, how does prox and distal m fibers differentiate

Answer 39

cranial=prox m caudal=distal m

Question 40

how is somatotopy maintained in DCML sp cord tract

Answer 40

sacral to cervical medial to lateral FG to FC below T6 to above T6

Question 41

what is the function of the DCML tract

Answer 41

conscious proprioception, vibration, fine touch

Question 42

what is the pathway for DCML tract in the sp cord

Answer 42

DRG to caudal medulla then cross and form medial leminscus then to Ss in cerebral

Question 43

what is the pathway for anterolateral system

Answer 43

DRG to dorsal laminae i or ii decussate to contra anterolateral funiculus thru anterior white commissure

Question 44

what is the function of ant spinothalamic pathway

Answer 44

diffuse pain bilateral projection

Question 45

what is the function of lat spinothalamic pathway

Answer 45

sharp pain, temp, crude, itch

Question 46

what is the difference between the two spinothalamic pathways in anterolateral system of sp cord

Answer 46

ant does not maintain somatotopy lat if it does maintain somatotopy it is for conscious perception

Question 47

how does lat spinothalamic tract maintain somatotopy

Answer 47

superficial to dep lower to upper

Question 48

what is the difference between the two Ss pathways

Answer 48

DCML- large myelinated axons AS- non-myelinated axons

Question 49

what funiculus is anterolateral system in

Answer 49

lateral and anterior

Question 50

where is the spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 50

lateral funiculus

Question 51

what is located in spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 51

post and ant spinocerebellar tracts

Question 52

what nucleus and function is involved with post spinocerebellar tract

Answer 52

Clarke's nucleus ipsi ascend to cerebellum unconscious proprioception

Question 53

what nucleus and function is involved with ant spinocerebellar tract

Answer 53

decussate after clarke's nucleus thru anterior white commissure motor function

Question 54

what are the uncrossed ascending tracts

Answer 54

FG, FC LT- lissauers tract DSCT/RSCT- post spinocerebellar tract

Question 55

what are the crossed ascending tracts

Answer 55

STT- lat spinoth VSCT- ant spinocerebellar SRT- ant STT, spinoreticular

Question 56

what is the function of descending tracts

Answer 56

Sm

Question 57

what is innervated by the lat funiculus

Answer 57

flexor m innervating post ventral horn fine motor control lat is distal

Question 58

what tract decussate at caudal medulla pyramid for Sm

Answer 58

lat corticospinal tract

Question 59

what tract has a function of fine motor control

Answer 59

rubrospinal tract

Question 60

where does rubrospinal tract decussate

Answer 60

red nucleus decussate in midbrain

Question 61

what is innervated by ant funiculus

Answer 61

mainly extensors innervated by medial and anterior ventral horn

Question 62

what makes up the ant funiculus for descending tracts

Answer 62

med corticospinal vestibulospinal tract: med (bi projection) and lat (ipsi projection) reticulopsinal tract

Question 63

what are the crossed descending tracts

Answer 63

lat corticospinal tract rubrospinal tract

Question 64

after a brain injury, what m remain functional and which do not

Answer 64

trunk and prox m remain function due to not crossing unlike distal m tracts

Question 65

what neurons are only in the sp cord

Answer 65

propriospinal neurons; somata and axons

Question 66

where are propriospinal neurons located within the sp cord

Answer 66

Rexed laminae (III)

Question 67

what is the function of fasciculus proprius

Answer 67

like cerebral association fibers by interconnecting different sp levels

Question 68

what are central pattern generators

Answer 68

like apps on smartphone, automatic prewritten motor programs

Question 69

what are interneurons coordinate reflexes

Answer 69

the different type of apps, automatic prewritten motor programs

Question 70

what can cause brown sequard syndrome

Answer 70

trauma or infection affecting only one side of the sp cord

Question 71

what are the ipsi S&S for brown sequard syndrome

Answer 71

ascend/decsend tracts that do not decussate motor loss DCML post spinocerebellar- unconscious proprioception

Question 72

what are the contra S&S for brown sequard syndrome

Answer 72

ascend/descend tracts that decussate thru ant white commissure anterolateral system ant spinocerebellar: motor

Question 73

what is a syrinx

Answer 73

a cyst in sp cord= syringomyelia brainstem= syringobulbia

Question 74

what is the physiology of the syrinx in the sp cord

Answer 74

compression of ant white commisure causing bilateral impairment of anterolateral system will present with pain/parethesia in dermatome

Question 75

why does a syrinx above C2 result in head and scalp symptoms

Answer 75

due to spinal trigeminal neuron being compressed as well