Lecture 7- ANS

Question 1

what is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 1

center of central ANS
metabolism and reproduction

Question 2

what is the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 2

in the hypothalamus
center of center
produces oxytocin

Question 3

what is the higher level control system and what makes it up

Answer 3

limbic system
OFC, amgydala

Question 4

where does the visceral sensory go through

Answer 4

brainstem nuclei and spinal cord

Question 5

which of the extra-hypothalamus are closed loop and open loop and why

Answer 5

limbic- open due to internal cues
visceral sensory- closed due to external cues

Question 6

what is the function of the anteromedial zone of hypothalamus

Answer 6

parasympathetic and enteric

Question 7

what is the function of the laterocaudal zone of hypothalamus

Answer 7

cardiovascular/ sympathetic

Question 8

what central ANS descending tract starts in the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 8

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Question 9

what central ANS descending tract starts from the higher control centers

Answer 9

medial forebrain bundle

(OFC, amygdala, etc)

Question 10

what central ANS descending tract starts in the tegmentum of the brainstem

Answer 10

mammillotegmental tract

Question 11

what is the pathway for the descending central ANS tracts

Answer 11

their starting points
1. mesencephalic reticular formation
2. pontine reticular formation
3. raphe nuclei

Question 12

where is the ending points for the descending central ANS tracts

Answer 12

DLF and MFB is throughout spinal cord
Mammilotegmental is the brainstem

Question 13

how does the somatic motor system work

Answer 13

1 cell
lower motor neuron in ventral horn
skeletal m
NMJ

Question 14

how does the visceral motor system work

Answer 14

2 cell system
1. preganglionic neuron (para and symp)
2. ganglionic neuron- lower motor neuron
smooth m and cardiac m and glands
bead like synapse along axon terminal

Question 15

what is a divergence synapse in a ganglia

Answer 15

one preganglionic axon synapses with multiple 2nd cells

Question 16

what is a convergence synapse in a ganglia

Answer 16

multiple preganglionic axon on one 2nd cell

Question 17

where is the first order neuron of the sympathetic arm

Answer 17

lateral/intermdiolateral horn in sp cord
T1-L2
laminae VII

Question 18

what is the 2nd order neuron of the sympathetic arm

Answer 18

paravertebral- same segment or multiple

or

prevertebral- splanchnic nerve

Question 19

what is the greater sphlanchnic n

Answer 19

T5-9
foregut

Question 20

what is the lesser sphlanchnic n

Answer 20

T10-11
midgut

Question 21

what is the least sphlanchnic n

Answer 21

T12
adrenal gland and kidney

Question 22

what is the lumbar sphlanchnic n

Answer 22

L1-2
hindgut

Question 23

what is the sympathetic neck innervation

Answer 23

merge into sp n and follow arteries

Question 24

what is the sympathetic head innervation

Answer 24

hike common carotid first then hoke CN V division branches

Question 25

what is horners syndrome

Answer 25

compression of sympathetic trunk around neck must commonly by pancoast tumor

Question 26

what are the most common S&S of horners syndrome

Answer 26

partial ptosis constriction of pupil red face without sweating - paradoxical sign

Question 27

what m controls ptosis

Answer 27

superior tarsal

Question 28

what m controls constriction of pupil

Answer 28

sphinctor pupillae - CN III

Question 29

what is the first order neuron of parasympathetic arm

Answer 29

brainstem and sacral sp cord

Question 30

what is the 2nd order neuron of parasympathetic arm

Answer 30

4 ganglia in head 1. CN III- ciliary 2. CN VII- pterygopalatine/submandibular 3. CN IX- otic vagus n- neck/thoracic to midgut pelvic sphlanchnic n- hindgut to pelvic organs

Question 31

what CN provides the independent visceral pathway

Answer 31

CN IX for carotid sinus and body

Question 32

what does the independent visceral pathway follow

Answer 32

visceral motor pathway which is made of CN X motor and sp cord level depedent

Question 33

where does CN X motor go to

Answer 33

caudal solitary nucleus and ascend

Question 34

what is visceral pain

Answer 34

mainly through c fibers diffuse until it touches the somatic wall and irritates Ad

Question 35

what is referral pain

Answer 35

feels the pain where the visceral senses enter the CNS

Question 36

what is unique to the sympathetic system

Answer 36

increase metabolism tonic= active all the time freeze, fight, flight adrenal gland skin, kidney, blood vessels

Question 37

what is unique to the parasympathetic system

Answer 37

decrease metabolism phasic= on/off rest and digest ciliary body and sphinctor pupillae m

Question 38

what do both parasympathetic and sympathetic functions have in common

Answer 38

reproduction

Question 39

where in the sympathetic NS does the bdy decrease temperature and produce sweat

Answer 39

anterior nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 40

how does the sympathetic system control the circadian rhythm when the lights are on

Answer 40

retinal ganglion activate suprachiasmatic nucleus that inhibits sympathetic neurons releasing no melatonin causing alertness

Question 41

how does the sympathetic system control the circadian rhythm when the lights are off

Answer 41

the tonic sympathetic system activates the pineal gland to release melatonin

Question 42

what neurotransmitter does the 1st cell release in what receptor

Answer 42

ACh in nicotonic receptor in post synaptic membrane which is a ligand ionotropic receptor

Question 43

Once the first cell releases, what does the second sympathetic cell release

Answer 43

releases NE neurotransmitter to amplify the medulla of the adrenal gland to release hormones (epinephrine and NE) these are adrenergic receptors (metabotropic)

Question 44

Once the first cell releases, what does the second parasympathetic cell release

Answer 44

will release ACh as a neurotransmitter but in muscarinic receptor (Metabotrpic)

Question 45

what is does the ANS medication cholingeric drugs do

Answer 45

help the parasympathetic nervous system slow HR, helps void urine, salivation, pupil constriction

Question 46

what is does the ANS medication anticholingeric drugs do

Answer 46

works against the parasympathetic system retention urine, increase HR, dry mouth, pupil dilation

Question 47

what is the function of the ENS

Answer 47

interstitial cell- pace maker of enteric system peristalsis- contraction of proc lumen, distention, dilation of distal lumen

Question 48

where is the visceral sensory center

Answer 48

nucleus of solitary tract

Question 49

what are the functions of the rostral and caudal nucleus in the solitary tract

Answer 49

r- relay special sensation of taste c- all other visceral sensory input

Question 50

what holds all the respiratory and cardiovascular centers

Answer 50

brainstem

Question 51

why is the ANS so important

Answer 51

major vital signs are maintained body temp- intra-hypothalamus nucleus all other = brainstem

Question 52

how does orthostatic hypotension work

Answer 52

body position changes causing clood to pool in LE, BP is low afferent- CN IX and X carotid and aortic sinus efferent- CN X para and IML neurons sympathetic

Question 53

how does CN X function to stop the orthostatic hypotension

Answer 53

dorsal vagal nucleus= decrease cardiac m contraction nucleus ambiguous= inhibits SA node to decrease HR

Question 54

what innervates the urinary bladder wall for inhibition and activation

Answer 54

detrusor m= smooth m inhibition- sympathetic activation- para

Question 55

what innervates the IUS for inhibition and activation

Answer 55

visceral motor control act- sym inhibition- para

Question 56

what innervates the EUS for inhibition and activation

Answer 56

somatic control pudendal n S2-4

Question 57

what is physiological happening for the storage phase of the bladder

Answer 57

tonic sympathetic and somatic control relax detrusor and contract both sphinctor

Question 58

what is physiologically happening for the micturition phase of the bladder

Answer 58

must activate through reflex phasic parasym contraction detrusor and relax both sphinctors

Question 59

what happens below the lesion in AD of SCI

Answer 59

blood vessel constriction cold pale goosebump and sweating

Question 60

what happens above the lesion in AD for SCI

Answer 60

red hot NOOOOO sweating increase BP by 20-40 HA

Question 61

what is physiologically happening above the lesion in AD for SCI

Answer 61

baroreceptor activated CN X efferent to decrease HR/contraction blood vessel dilation= no sweating