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Biol 101 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the largest organisms by area?

A

fungus

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2
Q

Humongous Fungus

A

invades roots; through DNA fingerprinting has been determined one organisms spans over 1000 hectors

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3
Q

Fungus as “Friend”

A

more benefits from fungus than harm

break down lignin and cellulose

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4
Q

Fungi

A
  • absorptive heterotroph
  • decomposer (saprobes, saprotrophs)
  • cell wall of chitin (poly-glucosamine) and glucans (polysaccharide)
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5
Q

absorptive heterotroph

A

don’t synthesize, release enzymes into the environment that partially digests organic matter then draw nutrients in across cell wall

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6
Q

saprobes

A

feed on dead organic matter

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7
Q

chitin

A

poly-glucosamine

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8
Q

glucan

A

polysaccharide

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9
Q

Produce spores - Fungus

A

single cell that yields new organisms, disperse from parent and can live out unfavourable condition

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10
Q

Fungus - similarities to plants and animals (3)

A
  • multicellular (unicellular yeast budding)
  • terrestrial
  • produce spores
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11
Q

Fungus - Filamentous (5)

A
  • provide large surface area
  • divided into cell-like components by porous septae
  • cytoplasm is continuous
    hyphae - long branched filaments
    mycelium - tangled mass of hyphae
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12
Q

mycelia (4)

A 
mycelium (dense hyphae) 
mycelium of absorptive structure (spaced hyphae, to absorb more nutrients) 
fruiting body (capable of producing spores)
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13
Q

Stucture

A

most fungus is underground

-above ground is a fruiting body

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14
Q

fruiting bodies

A
  • only small portion of biomass
  • reproduction
  • fairy ring
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15
Q

symbiotic

A

commensal (+/0)
mutualistic (+/+)
parasitic (+/-)

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16
Q

saprophytic

A

decomposer

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17
Q

predatory

A

create loops as noose that tightens down on nematode that accidentally swam through it, then secretes enzymes into nematode for digestion

18
Q

How is fungus important to plant’s growth and survival?

A

mycorrhiza (mutualistic relationship with plant root)
fungus receives carb
plant receives minerals
plant grows bigger if with fungus

19
Q

endomycorrhiza

A

within plant root and cell(80%)

20
Q

ectomycorrhiza

A

hyphae extends into soil and cell wall but not cells

21
Q

Fungal hyphae in stem (When?)

A
  • long history
  • older than vascular plants
  • Devonian period (385 MYA)
22
Q

Lichen with fungus

A

fungus + cyanbacterium/green algae

-given protection from desiccation (dryness) & algae provides photosynthetic products to fungus

23
Q

Lichen

A
  • pioneer species in newly formed habitats
  • sensitive to poison air
  • breaks down rock to form soil
  • tolerate extreme climates
  • food for tundra
  • diverse
24
Q

Lichen mutualistic relationship with leaf cutter ant

A
  • feed fungal colony that breaks down cellulose
  • hyphae feed to any
  • ants provide protection
25
Q

Fungi - Pathogens (6)

A
  • ring worms
  • ergot in rye
  • athlete’s foot
  • thrush
  • tar spots
  • corn smut
    fungal infection are harder to treat than bacteria coz it’s closer in relationship with animal
26
Q

spores of fungus

A

unicellular reproductive structure; asesually/ sexually

27
Q

mushroom gill

A

basidia - spores

28
Q

fungus - asexually (4)

A
  • budding
  • fission
  • conidia (spores at the end of hyphae)
  • spores in sporangia
    disperse by air/water (puffball)
29
Q

Phylogeny of Fungi

A
  • flourish by Permian period
  • closely related to animals than plants
  • domain of botanists for 100 years
  • 100,000 species
30
Q

Chytrid and Zygomecetes

A

potentially arises multiple times or some traits are lost, phylogeny is not clear

31
Q

Basidiomycota

A

mushrooms

32
Q

yeast

A
  • unicellular
  • have plasmid (good for model for genetics)
  • belong to zygomecetes, basidiomycota, ascomycota
33
Q

microsporidia

A
  • relationship to other eukaryotes have puzzled taxonomists for decades
  • Among smallest eukaryotic organisms
  • Unicellular
  • Lack mitochondria, but instead have mitosomes (derived from mitochondria, but lack DNA)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
34
Q

Chytrides (paraphyletic)

A
  • aquatic
  • 1000 species
  • flagellated gametes and spores (only group with motile stage)
  • unicellular and multicellular stage
  • saprobic, mutualistic, parasitic (affected frog epidermis, causing global decline of amphibians)
  • only fungi with alternating life cycle
35
Q

Zygomycota

A
  • saprobic, parasitic, terrestrial
  • > 1000 species
  • spores contained in sporangia astop specialized hyphae
36
Q

Zygomycota - reproduction cycle

A
  • haplontic life cycle
  • Zygosporangium - resistant spore
  • dikaryotic cycle: cytoplasm fuse but not nuclei (plasmogamy) leads to this phase then nuclei fuse in karyogamy
37
Q

Glomeromycota

A
  • > 200 species
  • terrestrial
  • form arbuscular endomycorrhizae
  • transfer phosphorus to plants
  • no known sexual stage
38
Q

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

A
  • terrestrial, aquatic
  • fruiting bodies = basidiocraps
  • 30,000 species
  • saprobes
  • ectomycorrhizae
  • only group able to digest lignin
  • rusts & smuts
39
Q

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

A
  • diploid stage very short

- cytoplasm and nuclei fusion not parallel

40
Q

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

A
  • terrestrial, aquatic
  • fruiting bodies with sacs: morels, truffles
  • 70,000
  • conidia produced asexually in specialized hyphae
  • karyogamy before plasmogamy
  • Pseudogymnoascus destructans: cold-loving; important to conservation
  • fungal infection on bats: white nose syndrome

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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