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Biol 101 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

development of a digestive tract enables (3):

A
  • continuous operation
  • specialization of gut regions
  • sequential food processing
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2
Q

How does a complete digestive tract develop?

A
  • have mesenchymal filopodia which are filaments that pulls up to form either a mouth or anus (from blastopore)
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3
Q

Two ways to develop a digestive tract

A
  • Protostomes (mouth first)

- Deuterostomes (anus first)

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4
Q

What are organisms that are deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms, Chordates

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5
Q

Three different body plans with respect to body cavities:

A
  • Coelomate
  • Pseudocoelomate
  • Acoelomate
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6
Q

Coelomate

A

coelom = cavity
mesoderm lines the entire cavity as a “peritoneum”
-lining derived from mesoderm
- enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

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7
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • mesoderm lines the outside of pseudocoel

- ex. Nematoda

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8
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • no body cavity

- solid except digestive space

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9
Q

Two ways to make a coelom

A

Schizocoely: splits within the mesoderm (protostomes)
Enterocoely: mesoderm forms pockets from guts (deuterostomes)

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10
Q

Which are acoelomate?

A

flatworms

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11
Q

Which are Pseudocoelomate?

A

Rotifers, Nematodes

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12
Q

Which are coelomate?

A

Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates

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13
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

One of the following:
Lophophore: “tuft bearer” = ciliated feeding/gas exchange structure
Trochophore: “wheel-bearer” = a ciliated free-living larval form

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14
Q

Ecdysozoans

A
  • moulting animals
  • have an external covering secreted by epidermis that must be shed in order to grow
  • growth happens in steps
  • vulnerable after moulting
  • moulting evolved > 500 million years ago
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15
Q

Nematoda (8)

A
  • ecdysozoans
  • multi-layered, flexible cuticle (allows diffusion of gases, must live in moist habitats)
  • have a tapered posterior end and blunt anterior end
  • Pseudocoelomate
  • have longitudinal muscles, move by thrashing
  • fluid-filled body cavity (hydrostatic skeleton)
  • complete digestive tract
  • no respiratory or circulatory system (respiration occurs across their cuticle
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16
Q

Nematoda diversity (4)

A
  • abundant
  • terrestrial (moist soil) or aquatic
  • free-living (scavengers, predatory) or parasitic
  • important for soil
17
Q

C. Elegans

A
  • major model organism of geneticists, developmetal biologists and neurobiologists
18
Q

Earthworm

A

has gizzard (grinding down), also produce enzyme (cellulase)

19
Q

Cow (4 stomach)

A
  1. Rumen (fermentation)
  2. reticulum (fermentation)
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
20
Q

Some are nematodes are scavengers and predators but some are parasitic

A

infect protists, plants, animals
Ex. crop damage cause by nematode outbreak
Solution: to not grow those crops for a couple of years because nematodes are highly specialized

21
Q

Largest nematode

A

9 m (parasite in placenta of sperm whales)

22
Q

Hookworm

A
  • common in tropics and subtropics because of moisture
  • feed on red blood cells
  • worms penetrate skin from foot and moves to abdomen
23
Q

Annelida (7)

A
  • segmented worms
  • Lophotrochozoans
  • terrestrial (moist), aquatic
  • abundant
  • coelomates (hydrostatic skeleton)
  • have longitudinal and circular muscles
  • have setae “hairs” anchor
24
Q

Why is segmentation advantageous?

A
  • multiple copies of organs, structures (Ex. Nephridia, parapodia)
  • efficient nervous control (response faster, ganglion in each segment)
  • increase body size by unit repetition
25
Q

Regional Differentiation

A
  • segments are similar but each can be modified (differentiation of the gut)
26
Q

Annelid Systems

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Respiratory
  3. circulatory
27
Q

Annelid - nervous system

A
  • anterior brain
  • segmented ganglion
  • ventral nervous cord
28
Q

Annelid - respiratory system

A
  • skin (epidermis)
29
Q

Annelid - circulatory system

A
  • “closed”
  • Dorsal and ventral blood vessels
  • aortic arches = hearts
  • advantages:
  • improved exchange btwn deeper tissues and surface (O2 & CO2), gut and muscles (nutrient delivery)
  • permits development of a thicker body (free of diffusion limit)
30
Q

Annelid Diversity

A

Polychaeta

Clitellata

31
Q

Polychaeta (7)

A
  • many hairs, setae, eyes, tentacles
  • largest group of annelid diversity
  • marine
  • detritivores, filter-feeders (live in tubes)
  • parapodia (locomotion, respiration)
  • separate sexes with external fertilization
  • trochophore larvae (ex. fan worm, riftia species)
32
Q

Clitellata (2)

A
  1. Oligochaete “few hairs”

2. Hirudinea - leeches

33
Q

Oligochaete (3)

A
  • mainly terrestrial
  • detrivores (aerate soil)
  • few setae
34
Q

parapodia

A

polychaeta (annelid)

each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration

35
Q

Hermaphroditic - Oligochaete

A
  • clitellum (secretes a mucus cocoon for embryo development)
  • no specialized larval stage
  • Example: in earthworm, copulation (sperm exchange) and fertilization are separated by time
36
Q

Mating & Reproduction in Earthworms

A
  1. eggs released in mucous sac
  2. sperm in seminal receptacle (in mucous sac)
  3. fertilization occurs
  4. Cocoon slips off
37
Q

Clitellata - Hirudinea - leeches

A
  • mainly freshwater
  • parasitic & carnivorous
  • no septae
  • anterior and posterior suckers
  • hermaphroditic, Clitellum, no specialized larval stage
  • Medicinal uses: hirudin, anti-coagulant

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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