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Biol 101 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arthropod Diversity

A
  • Myriapods
  • Crustaceans
  • Chelicerates
  • Hexapods
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2
Q

Myriapods

A
  • Chilopoda (centipedes)

- Diplopoda (millipedes)

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3
Q

Chilopoda (centipedes)

A
  • 300 species
  • 1 pair of appendages per segment
  • carnivores
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4
Q

Diplopoda (millipedes)

A
  • 11,000 species
  • herbivores and detrivores
  • 2 pairs of appendages per segment
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5
Q

Chelicerates (Horseshoe carb, sea spider, spiders, scorpians))

A
  • Merostomata (Horseshoe carb)
  • Pycnogonids (sea spider)
  • Arachnids (spiders, scorpians) Scorpians shine blue under UV
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6
Q

Chelicera

A

Two appendages next to mouth

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7
Q

Pedipalps

A

Used for warning/sexual selection

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8
Q

Crustaceans (Isopods, Thecostraca, Decapods, Cladocerans, Copepods)

A 
Isopods - Wood lice
Thecostraca - Barnacles 
Decapods - Shrimp, crayfish, lobster 
Cladocerans - Water flea like Daphnia 
Copepods - Zooplankton
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9
Q

Body Plan: Crustaceans

A
  • 5 pereiopods are used for swimming
  • 5 pleopods which are legs
  • carapace which covers and protects cephalothorax and abdomen
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10
Q

Hexapods

A
  • Most diverse group
  • 73% of all animal species are insects
  • In a common house, insects are most abundant in arthropods
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11
Q

Homologous (same ancestor) mouth parts that evolved into different functions

A
  • Sucking/Siphoning (butterfly, cicada)
  • Chewing (grasshopper, beetle)
  • Lapping (bee, housefly)
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12
Q

Wings evolved - 320 MYA

A
  • Ancestral multi-branched appendages –> modern crayfish –> Drosophila
  • House fly: posterior wings are not retained
  • Butterfly: have scales on wings
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13
Q

Respiration (Insects, Decapods, horseshoe crabs, spiders/scorpions):

A

Insects: O2 comes in the trachea and spiracles circulates O2
Decapods: have gills protected by carapace, water flow allows O2 exchange
Horseshoe crab: Book gills at the back
Spiders/Scorpions: Book lungs at the lamella, allow high surface area to volume ratio

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14
Q

Metamorphosis - Arthropods

A
  • Transformation from one to other body types
  • Moulting enables changes in morphology
  • Each intar produces a new exoskeleton
  • insects cease moulting as adults, crustaceans do not
  • 2 types of metamorphosis insects: complete & incomplete
  • Many eat the exoskeleton they just shed
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15
Q

Incomplete Metamorphosis

A
  • indirect/ hemimetabolous metamorphosis
  • wings not developed until 3rd/4th nymphs
  • Nymphs resemble adults
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16
Q

Complete Metamorphosis

A
  • gradual/ holometabolous metamorphosis
  • involves changes in larvae
  • exoskeleton hardens
  • larvae looks completely different from adult
17
Q

Chagas disease

A
  • More common in South America, can result in death after a few years
  • An individual gets infected by feces of the insect
18
Q

Wigglesworth’s experiment on R. Prolixus

A

Result: Hormone in the head causes moulting

19
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine cells

- distributes by blood, bind to target receptor to produce a response

20
Q

How do hormones work? (3)

A
  • change the permeability of the cell
  • alter the activity of an existing enzyme
  • affect the expression of the gene
21
Q

Types of chemical signals (3) (autocrine signals, paracrine signals, endocrine signals)

A
  • Local hormones that do not travel through the whole body
    Autocrine signals: act on the same cell that secretes them
    Paracrine signals: diffuse locally and act on neighbouring cells
    Endocrine signals: are hormone carried btwn cells by blood or other body fluids
22
Q

Hormones - 2 pathways

A
  1. Neuroendocrine
  2. Neuroendocrine to endocrine pathway
    Both: Hypothalamus - pituitary - peripheral hormone glands
23
Q

3 main families of hormones

A
  1. Peptides and Polypeptides - not liquid soluble, attach to messengers on cell membrane
  2. Amino acid - not liquid soluble, attach to messenger on cell membrane
  3. Steriods - liquid soluble, can go through membrane
24
Q

PTTH (brain hormone)

A
  • stored and produced in brain
  • production influenced by environmental cues
  • controls activity of prothoracic gland
  • triggers periodic release of ecdysone
25
Q

Ecdysone

A
  • produced by prothoracic gland
  • secreted into blood
  • target cells = epidermis
  • response - ecdysis (moulting)
  • brain responses by declining PTTH hormones
    Declining release of juvenile hormone influences developmental stages of metamorphosis
26
Q

Two types of Control system

A

Endocrine system:
- slow and longer term, diffused via blood, hormones
Nervous system:
- action potentials, electrical signals along neurons, faster and short terms

27
Q

Response of nervous and endocrine systems to

stimuli

A
  1. Brain detects danger and signals the leg to jump back
  2. Brain signals adrenal gland to release epinephrine
  3. Epinephrine causes:
    a) liver to convert glycogen to glucose
    c) hearth to beat faster
    d) blood vessels to gut and skin to constrict, shunting more blood to muscles
    e) fat cells to release fatty acids into blood

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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