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Biol 101 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

How to get better, stronger, faster?

A

All of vertebrate life is descendent from fish

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2
Q

Chordates

A
  • Cephalochordata
  • Urochordata
  • Vertebrata
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3
Q

Unique characteristics of Chordates

A
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • Notochord
  • Muscular post-anal-tail
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4
Q

Pharyngeal slits (pouches)

A
  • located on lateral surface of the head
  • seem to be an ancestral trait in deuterostomes
  • lost in echinoderms
  • in vertebrates, pharyngeal tissue supported by arches
  • evolved into jaw structure, inner ear parts
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5
Q

Function of Pharyngeal slits

A
  • filter feeding in cephalochordates (lancelet) and urochordates (tunicates)
  • respiration in vertebrates (water coming in mouth passes through slits, O2 CO2 can be exchanged across a respiratory surface = gills, gills located btwn slits, supported by cartilaginous arches)
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6
Q

Gill slits and gill arches

A
  • pharyngeal slits = gill slits
  • bars btwn the slits = gill arches (bone or cartilage, gill filaments are on the gill arches)
  • Bony fishes have 4 pairs of gill arches
  • Each arch has pairs of gill filaments
  • Bony fishes also have a gill cover (operculum)
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7
Q

Gill filament

A
  • thin, vascularized, high surface area
  • Blood vessels flow through gill arches
  • capillary beds in gill filaments; gas exchange
  • filament epithelium is one cell thick (1-2 um)
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8
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A
  • water& blood flow in opposing direction
  • max the exchange of of materials across osmotic gradients as opposed to cocurrent flow
  • minimizing heat loss
  • ensures that concentration gradients are maintained
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9
Q

Fish circulatory system

A
  • closed system
  • arteries (away from heart) ventral aorta–> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules (to heart) –> veins (dorsal aorta)
  • u can’t accelerate the blood after it goes in the capillary bed, flows passively
  • human (not fish) have:
    (pulmonary circuits = heart –> lungs –> heart; systemic circuit = heart –> body –> heart, 4 chambered heart)
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10
Q

Fish heart = 2 chambers and folded

A
  • strong, muscular pump
  • ventrally located
  • maintains blood flow
  • 2+ chambers (auricle/atrium and ventricle)
  • one way valves so no backflow
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11
Q

Vertebrates - Characteristics

A
  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Organs suspended in coelom
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12
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Vertebrates

  • Cranium (skull)
  • Vertebral column (spine)
  • Ribs
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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • Pectoral girdle (2 pectoral fins)

- Pelvic gridle (2 pelvic fins)

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14
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • Ventral heart
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15
Q

Organs suspended in coleom

A

important

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16
Q

Fishes precious

A

Fish make up half of chordate diversity

17
Q

Vertebrates, but not gnathostomes

A
  • “Jawless fishes” (Agnathans)
  • 2 groups: lampreys and hagfish
  • no jaws
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • notochord present
  • Gill slits
  • no paired fins
  • no swim bladder
  • no scales
18
Q

Hagfish (mixinoidea)

A
  • Scavengers
  • Knot tying - tie themselves in a knot to pull against
  • mucous production - a lot of it
  • Osmotic concentration same as seawater
  • used for leather products
19
Q

Lamprey (petromyzontoidea)

A
  • no jaw (“oral disc” instead [Can suck and latch onto something]
  • very distinct larval form (ammocyete)
  • adults of many species are parasitic on fishes
20
Q

Jaws: Gnathostomes

A

Jaw

  • not present in early fishes and present day agnathans
  • formed by fusion of gill arches
  • teeth evolved from scales in mouth
  • Greatly improved ability to feed and diversify
21
Q

Paired fins

A
  • on pectoral and pelvic limb girdles
  • enabled more active swimming
  • used for steering, stabilizing and lift
22
Q

Gnathostomes

A
  • “Cartilaginous fishes” (Chondrichthyes)
  • jaws
  • paired fins
  • scales
  • no swim bladder
  • predators, scavengers- filter feeder
  • Ex. Manta ray, big skate, sharks
23
Q

Gnathostomes

A
  • “Body fishes” (osteichthyes)

- largest vertebrate group

24
Q

Swim Bladder

A
  • flotation device
  • enables neutral buoyancy
  • gas regulated by gland in bladder or by swallowing/burping air
25
Q

Two groups of bony fish

A
  • Ray finned fishes (actinopterygians) [teleosts, most fishes]
  • lobe finned fishes (sarcopterygians) [lungfish, coelocanths - thought to be extinct, we descended from these, closest fish relatives)
26
Q

A cool teleost

A

Deep sea angler fish

  • 700-100 m
  • Bioluminescent lures
  • phermones
  • males are “parasitic” on females
27
Q

How to get better, stronger faster?

A
  1. get more oxygen, gills, heart
  2. Get that skeleton on the inside
  3. Jaws
  4. Paired fins

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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