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Biol 101 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell resulting from union of 2 haploid gametes

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2
Q

embryo

A

young animal or plant while it is still contained in a protective structure

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3
Q

two processes of embryonic development

A
  1. cleavage

2. gastrulation

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4
Q

Cleavage

A
  • first cell division in embryo
    process of forming many cells from one cell
  • forms a morula (solid ball of cells) that grows into a blastula
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5
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • in-folding, invagination

- a process of forming embryonic tissues layer (2-3) from the first layer of cell

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6
Q

Gastrula

A

Layers of embryonic layer of cells formed = germ layer

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7
Q

Three germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
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8
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer

- epidermis, nervous system

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9
Q

endoderm

A
  • digestive and respiratory system
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10
Q

mesoderm

A

internal organs

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11
Q

diploblastic

A

organisms with 2 germ layers

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12
Q

triploblastic

A

organisms with 3 germ layers

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13
Q

Archenteron

A

“old gut”

- digestive space (gut cavity)

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14
Q

blastopore

A

anus or mouth

  • Tissues, enable complex body organization
  • Gut, enable extracellular digestion
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15
Q

Types of symmetry

A
  1. Asymmetrical
  2. Radially symmetrical
  3. Bilaterally symmetrical
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16
Q

Asymmetrical

A
  • no axis dives body into equal halves
  • ex. some sponges
  • cannot cut this into two symmetrical pieces
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17
Q

radially symmetrical

A
  • along one plan, as long as one cuts through centre, body can be divided into equal halves from many angles
  • Ex. Cnidarians (sea anemone)
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18
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical

A
  • single axis divides body into equal halves

- midsagittal plane (between eyes)

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19
Q

Cnidaria (6)

A
  • diploblastic, blind gut, radial symmetry
  • jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydrozoans
  • 11,000 species
  • mostly marine
  • carnivores
  • nervous and muscular tissue
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20
Q

Cindaria - Body plan

A 
Mesoglea - gelatinous material between the epidermis and gastrodermis is filled with collagen and proteglycans 
Epidermis 
Gastrodermis 
Mouth (from blastopore) 
Gastrovascular cavity
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21
Q

Body forms

A
  1. Polyp phase - sessile (anemone)
  2. Medusa - motile (jellyfish)
    most lice cycle include both
22
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Hermaphrodites

- asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction

23
Q

What does cnidarians use to capture prey?
Extracellular digestion at?
Corals get its food from?

A

Obtaining Energy

  • carnivores
  • use cnidocytes to capture prey, inject prey (nematocyst) with venom and stick to prey
  • extracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity
  • corals can obtain a large portion of E from symbiotic algae (mutualistic) food for protection -
24
Q

Simple Nervous system

A
  • sensory information can come in from any direction
  • hydra have a simple nervous “net”
  • little to no integration or processing of signals
  • direct lines of communication btwn sensors and effectors
25
Q

Cnidarian Diversity

A
  1. Hydrozoa
  2. Scyphozoa
  3. Anthozoa
26
Q

Hydrozoa (3)

Habit? Movement?

A

(hydra)
- polyp dominant, but still alternating
- freshwater
- moves by gliding, somersaulting, floating, moving its tentacles around

27
Q

Scyphozoa (8)

prey, predator, symbionts

A

(jellyfish)
- medusa is dominant, polyp is reduced
- large amount of mesoglea
- some nematocysts strong enough to be felt by human
- important food for leatherback turtle
- prey on fish larvae and zooplankton
- upside down jelly
- symbiotic algae in tentacles
- tolerate low O2, gets O2 from symbionts

28
Q

Anthozoa

A
  • polyp is dominant, no medusa
  • (anemone, sea fans, sea pens)
  • “flower animals”
29
Q

Hydrozoa Pneumatophore

A

Pneumatophore: gas-filled polyp

30
Q

Hydrozoa Gonozooids, gastrozooids

A

Gonozooids: (for reproduction) & gastrozooids (for digestion)

31
Q

Hydrozoa Dactylozooids

A

polyp for locating & catching prey

32
Q

Hydrozoa tentacles

A

coiled, stinging tentacles, contain cnidocyte

33
Q

Mesoglea

A

translucent, non-living, jelly-like substance found between the two epithelial cell layers

34
Q

Sea anemones

A

(Anthozoa)

  • retract tentacles in defense
  • mutualistic relationship with anemone fish and shrimp (can touch tentacles without causing cnidocytes to discharge)
  • fish clean anemones in return for shelter
35
Q

Corals (4)

cnidarian diversity, relationship, secretion, no cell wall so???

A

(Anthozoa)
- mutualistic relationship with zooxanthelae (dinoflagellates)
- secrete calcium carbonate from their basal disk
Exoskeleton = reefs

36
Q
  • Coral atoll
A

when coral grow around an island sinks
- “Coral bleaching”: serious recent ecological problem, zooxanthelae expelled, stress response due to a variety of factors

37
Q

Platyhelminthes (flatworms) (9)

A
  • Protostomes
  • Triploblastic, anterior brain, ventral nerve cord
  • bilateria
  • terrestrial/ aquatic habitats
  • move by cilia
  • free living (scavengers) or parasitic
  • blind gut (same hole for ingestion and digestion), aka no respiratory system, no circulatory system
38
Q

Protostomes

A

mouth first

39
Q

Planarian body plan

A

Auricles - chemoreceptors
eye spots - photoreceptors
use diffusion, some have no digestion cavity or mouth (pharynx)

40
Q

Cephalization of platyhelminthes

A
  • linked to directed movement
  • concentration of neurons and sensory structures at the anterior end (sense organs probe environment, enable direct locomotion)
41
Q

Cephalization of platyhelminthes: Sensory structure (3)

A
  • chemoreceptor (taste/smell)
  • mecganoreceptors (touch)
  • photoreceptors (light)
  • head imposes bilateral symmetry
42
Q

platyhelminthes Simple nervous system (2)

A
  • longitudinal nerve cords

- cerebral ganglion (concentration of neurons, primitive brain)

43
Q

platyhelminthes (free living and parasitic)

A 
Free living (Turbellaria) 
Parasitic: 
- Monogenea (ectoparasitic) 
- Trematoda (endoparasitic) 
- Cestoda (endoparasitic)
44
Q

Turbellaria

A
  • free-living, planarians
  • ability to regenerate
  • anterior end always develop to a new head
  • reproduce asexually by fission and sexually (mostly hermaphroditic)
45
Q

Monogenea

A

ectoparasitic

- flukes = falt body with suckers to attach to host (live on fish gills)

46
Q

Trematoda

A
  • endoparasitic

- flukes

47
Q

Trematoda (2 hosts)

A

primary host: organism reaches maturity and sexual reproduction
intermediate host: shorter transitional stage
give rise to disease Schistosomiasis (rarely causes death but impairs growth and development in children)

48
Q

Trematoda (2 hosts)

A

primary host: organism reaches maturity and sexual reproduction
cercaria - host
intermediate host: shorter transitional stage
give rise to disease Schistosomiasis (rarely causes death but impairs growth and development in children)

49
Q

Cestoda adptation (5)

A
  • scolex - suckers, hooks
  • proglottids - reproductive segments
  • no mouth, no digestive system
  • protective cuticle forms around embryos and terminal -
    proglottids break off, passed via feces
50
Q

what is the advantage of a nervous system?

A

Movement (vs. a sponge which stays fixed)

allows organisms to capture more nutrients, find a host to live in

51
Q

Basal disk belongs to? Function?

A

Hydrozoa; release gas bubble allowing it to move upward

52
Q

Blastula

A

has extracellular matrix inside

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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