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Biol 101 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary innovation across animal groups: (6)

A
  • Multicellularity
  • Tissues
  • Gut
  • Mesoderm
  • Head
  • Segmentation
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2
Q

These differ btwn protostomes and deuterostomes (5)

A
  • Nervous system
  • Hard skeleton
  • Coelom
  • Anus
  • Circulatory system
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3
Q

Protostomes

A

Blastopore develops into mouth

Ex. Rotifers, Flatworms, Annelid, Molluscs, Nematodes, Arthropods

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4
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Blastopore develops into anus

Ex. Echinoderms, Chordates

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5
Q

Who are Deuterostomes?

A

Echinodermata (starfish), Hemichordatata, exenoturbellida, Chordata (us)

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6
Q

What is the initial way to distinguish protostome and deuterostomes? What is wrong with it?

A
  • Embryonic Development (gastrulation)
  • Priapulid worms are protostomes but their blastopore develops into anus (a protostome with deuterostome development, exception)
  • Priapulids (penis worm): been around since Cambrian
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7
Q

Protostomes and Deuterostomes (4)

- Significance? When? Monophyly (2)?

A
  • Two major evolutionary lineages of Bilateria
  • Split around the Cambrian (500 MYA)
  • Monophyly of protostomes is confirmed by genetic similarities (everything in protostomes group is most closely related to others in that group than anything else. Everything radiated from protostomes descended from one common ancestor)
  • Deuterostomes are also monophyletic
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8
Q

How to distinguish Deuterostomes from protostomes?

A
  • Circulatory system has ventral heart
  • Central nervous system is dorsal
  • Hard skeleton is internal
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9
Q

Echinoderms “spiny skins”

A
  • 7000 species
  • strictly marine
  • benthic (bottom dweller)
  • Diverse modes of nutrition
  • Ex. Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
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10
Q

Echinoderms - Hard endoskeleton

A
  • CaCO3 plates
  • Continuous growth (plates enlarge and new ones are added)
  • covered by thin layer of skin and muscle
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11
Q

Echinoderms - Bilateria

A

Some characteristic go away when larvae becomes adults (Echinoderms larvae is bilateral, then pentaradial)

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12
Q

How do echinoderms change their symmetry?

Metamorphosis

A
  • intermediate larval stage grows 3 adhesive arms and suckers
  • Original mouth and anus disappear and new mouth reappears on left side
  • Transformation from egg to newly formed starfish takes about 2 months
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13
Q

Water Vascular system

A
  • System of water-filled tubes - hydrostatic skeleton
  • end in “tube feet” (podia) - extend through pores in endoskeleton
    Closed system - except for madreporite (opening of hydrostatic skeleton) that let water in and out
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14
Q

Podia

A

used to locomotion, gas exchange, feeding, excretion

secretes an adhesive material when you pull it off

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15
Q

Sexual Reproduction - Echinoderms

A
  • separate sexes
  • external fertilization
  • Broadcast spawning - at a certain time of year, all eggs and sperm (gametes) are released into water and they come into contact and develop into larvae
  • Larvae (planktonic, ciliated arms)
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16
Q

Asexual Reproduction - Echinoderms

A

Regeneration
Arms may be dropped and regenerated to:
- Escape predation
- decrease change of infection spreading, reproduce

17
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • does not occur normally; induced
  • development of unfertilized egg
  • can be induced artificially in sea urchin with salt solution
18
Q

Echinoderm Diversity

A
  • Echinoids, Ophiuroids, Holothuroids, crinoids, asteroids
19
Q

Crinoidea

A
  • Sea lilies and feather stars
  • Filter feeders
  • Can swim if they are detached from water
20
Q

Ophiuroidea

A
  • Brittle stars (many arm spines, filter-feeders, predators, detritivores)
  • Basket stars (branched arms, filter-feeders)
21
Q

Asteroidea: Sea stars

A
  • predatory
  • fairly mobile
  • evert stomach, secrete enzymes to digest prey and then engulf partially digested prey
22
Q

Echinoidea: sea urchins and sand dollars

A

Sea urchins

  • have many spines, locomotion, defense
  • Pincers - defense, cleaning (echinoids and asteroids)
  • have aristotle’s lantern for scraping algae off rocks
23
Q

Holothuroidea

A
  • Sea cucumber
  • detritivores, scavengers, filter-feeders
  • reduced endoskeleton
  • give rows of tube feet
  • respire by drawing water into anus
  • feeding tentacles
  • Commensal relationship with pearlfish, pearlfish hides in anus of sea cucumber to escape predators
24
Q

Chordates

A
  • 65000 species
  • broad, deep phylogeny of chordates
  • include the vertebrates
  • deuterostomes (pharyngeal slits)
  • Coelomates
  • Bilateral symmetry
25
Q

Characteristics unique to Chordates

A
  1. Dorsal Hollow nerve cord
  2. Notochord
  3. Post-and-tail
    Pharyngeal slits are an ancestral trait of deuterostomes
26
Q

Characteristics common to Chordates

A
  1. Ventral heart
  2. Reduced segmentation
  3. Segmented musculature (Myomeres - important for being able to generate thrust)
27
Q

Chordates (3)

A
  • Cephalochordates
  • Urochordates
  • Vertebrates
28
Q

Cephalochordates

A
  • Lancelets
  • 30 species
  • fish like bodies
  • live in sediments as adults
  • tropical, shallow marine water
  • 1-5 cm
  • filter feeders
  • adults retain all 3 unique chordates characteristics
29
Q

Urochordates

A
  • 3000 species, 90% tunicates (sea squirts)
  • Marine
  • Do not retain all 3 unique chordates characteristics as adults
  • As adults: 1mm to 60 cm
  • Solitary or colonial
  • Benthic, sessile
  • Filter-feeders
    As larvae: Planktonic, resemble tadpoles
30
Q

Urochordates Life History

A
  • Planktonic Larvae
  • Larve settles on its head
  • Pharynx enlarges
  • head and tail degenerate
  • becomes sessile adult (no notochord)
31
Q

Urochordates larvae

A

all three unique chordates characteristics

32
Q

Urochordates adults

A

no notochord, enlarge pharyngeal gill slits, no dorsal hollow nerve cord

Biol 101 (17 decks)

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