Lecture 9

Question 1

Baumeister & Leary (1995), What are the three important functions relationships serve?

Answer 1

• Instrumental
• emotional
• Informational

Question 2

Fiske’s (1991) four relational models

Answer 2

• Communal sharing
• Authority ranking
• Equality matching
• Market pricing
  They are pervasive, exhaustive and generative

Question 3

Communal sharing model is

Answer 3

Organises relationships in terms of collective belonging or sharing (like mother-child)

Question 4

Authority ranking model is

Answer 4

organises relationships in asymmetrical terms. Individuals are hierarchically organised with higher-ranked individuals having the authority to organise/dominate (like boss)

Question 5

Equality matching model is

Answer 5

Relationships are organised with reference to their degree of balance

Question 6

Market pricing model is

Answer 6

relationships are organised to a common scale of ratio values such as money

Question 7

Mere exposure model (zajonc 1968)

Answer 7

frequency of encountering a neutral or positive stimulus enhances its evaluation (we like people we see often) - physical proximity

Question 8

Snyder, Tanke and Berschied (1997) female attractiveness study

Answer 8

Led males to believe they would have conversation with either highly attractive or less attractive female (same female). Then conversations ranked. Those who were told she was highly attractive rated more sociable, interesting etc

Question 9

Berscheid et al (1971) intimate partners

Answer 9

tend to be similar in attractiveness

Question 10

Opposites attract?

Answer 10

not very often: similarity is a common and significant cause of attraction (age, religion, race, social class, attitudes)

Question 11

Heider’s (1958) balance theory

Answer 11

• we organise likes and dislikes in symmetrical way

- Triangles!

Question 12

Festinger (1954) Social comparison theory

Answer 12

When we learn someone has the same attitudes and beliefs as us, it feels good as it suggest we have sound judgement

Question 13

Condon & Crano (1988) study

Answer 13

Participants expressed attitudes to range of topics.
Two days later evaluated person to shared 100%, 67%, 33% and 0% of attitudes.
Half were told that the other person had read their survey and judged them positively.

Question 14

Robins and Boldero (2005) actual and ought selves

Answer 14

• Individuals also compare their own and their partners ideal and ought selves
• When own and pot. partner’s actual selves are similar (this person likes me)
• When pot. partner is like one’s ideal self (this person is how i would like to be)
• When pot. partner is like one’s ought self (this person is how i should be)

Question 15

Reciprocity in relationships

Answer 15

Direct reciprocity: we like others who like us.
Reciprocity via good moods
Reciprocity via rewards

Question 16

Models of love (Sternberg’s 1986)

Answer 16

• Intimacy (close connected, bonded)
• Passion (romance, physical and sexual)
• Commitment (deciding about and maintaining love)

Question 17

Sternberg’s love types

Answer 17

Non-love (none)
Liking
Infatuation
Empty
Romantic
Companionate
Fatuous
Consummate (all three)

Question 18

Three types of interdependence

Answer 18

Cognitive (intextricably linked)
Behavioural (influence each other)
Affective (emotions influenced)

Question 19

Cognitive interdependence (Aron, Aron and Smollens (1992)

Answer 19

Circle picture of circles that best describes relationship

Question 20

Equity Theory (Walster, Walester and Berscheid 1978)

Answer 20

Relationships perceived to be fair if each persons outcomes are proportional to their contributions

Question 21

Interdependence Theory (Thibaut and Kelly 1959)

Answer 21

Individuals are motivated to maximise rewards relative to costs in relationships
- Individuals compare relationship to two standards (Comparison level (CL) and the comparision level for alternatives (CLalt)

Question 22

Investment Model (Rusbult 1980)

Answer 22

extention of interdependence theory. includes commitment and investments.
Commitment is function of high satisfaction, few alternatives and high investment
Satisfaction is function of rewards minus costs
Investment = resources put into relationships

Question 23

Ideal Standards Model (Simpson, Fletcher and Campbell 2001)

Answer 23

• partner and relationship ideals are chronically accessible knowledge
  –> three functions
  Evaluation, Explanation and regulation

Question 24

Adult Attachment (Hazen and Shaver 1987)

Answer 24

Secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent

Question 25

Dimensional attachment and social interactions (Brennan, Clark and Shaver 1998)

Answer 25

Attachment types can be dimensional, defined by avoidance and anxiety

Question 26

Attachment and Violence (Doumas et al 2008)

Answer 26

Used relationship questionaire to examine role of attachment anxiety and attachment violence.