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General Botany 🌿 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are algae?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that exist in various environments including oceans, rivers, and lakes.

Algae are usually green but can have different colors due to various pigments.

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2
Q

What is the primary feature that distinguishes algae from land plants?

A

Algae lack many structural components typical in plants, such as true stems, shoots, and leaves.

Algae also do not have vascular tissues to circulate nutrients and water.

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3
Q

What type of reproduction occurs in algae?

A

Both asexual and sexual forms.

Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation.

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4
Q

What are the two main types of algae based on cellular structure?

A

Unicellular and multicellular.

Examples include diatoms (unicellular) and giant kelp (multicellular).

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5
Q

What are red algae also known as?

A

Rhodophyta.

They are found in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

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6
Q

What pigments are responsible for the red coloration in red algae?

A

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin.

They also contain chlorophyll a but lack chlorophyll b or beta-carotene.

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7
Q

What is a characteristic of green algae?

A

They have chlorophyll a and b, along with auxiliary pigments like xanthophylls and beta carotene.

Prominent examples include Spirogyra, Ulothrix, and Volvox.

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8
Q

True or False: Blue-green algae are classified as eukaryotic organisms.

A

False.

Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are prokaryotic.

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9
Q

What is a virus?

A

A chain of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that lives in a host cell and uses cellular machinery to reproduce.

Viruses are non-cellular and can only replicate inside a host cell.

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10
Q

What is the protective covering of a virus called?

A

Capsid.

The capsid protects the viral genetic material and aids in host cell attachment.

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11
Q

What is the size range of viruses?

A

30-50 nm.

The smallest virus is about 17 nanometers while the largest can be 1,500 nanometers.

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12
Q

What defines the classification of viruses?

A

Phenotypic characteristics, core content, chemical composition, capsid structure, size, shape, and modes of replication.

The Baltimore classification system is commonly used for studying viruses.

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13
Q

What are the two types of DNA viruses?

A

Single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds).

Examples: ss - Picornaviruses; ds - Adenovirus.

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14
Q

What are the two types of RNA viruses?

A

Single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds).

Example of ds RNA virus: Reovirus.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Viruses can be classified primarily on their _______.

A

[phenotypic characteristics, core content, chemical composition, capsid structure, size, shape, modes of replication]

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16
Q

What happens to viruses outside of host cells?

A

They are inactive.

Viruses become active only within host cells.

17
Q

What is an example of a single-stranded DNA virus?

A

Picornaviruses, Parvovirus

Single-stranded DNA viruses include various types that infect different organisms.

18
Q

What is an example of a double-stranded DNA virus?

A

Adenovirus, Herpes virus

Double-stranded DNA viruses are known for their complex structures and ability to integrate into host genomes.

19
Q

What defines an RNA virus?

A

The virus having RNA as its genetic material

RNA viruses can be further classified into different categories based on their structure.

20
Q

What are the two types of RNA viruses?

A

Double-stranded (ds) RNA virus, Single-stranded (ss) RNA virus

Each type has unique characteristics and examples.

21
Q

Name an example of a double-stranded RNA virus.

A

Reovirus

Reoviruses are known for their layered structure and are often studied in virology.

22
Q

What are the two classifications of single-stranded RNA viruses?

A

Positive sense RNA (+RNA), Negative sense RNA (-RNA)

These classifications affect how the virus replicates within the host cell.

23
Q

List examples of single-stranded RNA viruses.

A

Poliovirus, Hepatitis A, Rabies virus, Influenza virus

These viruses are significant due to their impact on human health.

24
Q

What is lytic infection?

A

A method used by the majority of viruses to reproduce

During lytic infection, a virus enters a host cell, replicates, and causes the cell to lyse.

25
Q

List some viral diseases.

A

AIDS, Ebola, Influenza, SARS, Small Pox

These diseases are caused by various types of viruses and have significant health impacts.

26
Q

Why are viruses used in biotechnology research?

A

They share properties of living and non-living species

This dual nature makes them useful for various applications in genetic engineering and therapy.

27
Q

How can bacteriophage be beneficial?

A

Used to preserve water by eliminating germs

Bacteriophages are specific to bacteria and can help maintain water quality.

28
Q

What is the role of vaccines in disease control?

A

Injecting dead viruses into people

This method helps the immune system recognize and fight off actual infections.

29
Q

What is virotherapy?

A

Using viruses to treat various disorders

Virotherapy may play a role in gene therapy and cancer treatment.

30
Q

What is the most familiar living model utilized in laboratories?

A

The virus

Viruses are extensively studied for their unique biological properties.

31
Q

What is the significance of viruses in genetics research?

A

They are an essential topic in genetic engineering

Understanding viruses helps in the development of gene therapy techniques.

32
Q

What are viruses considered in nanotechnology?

A

An example of an organic nanoparticle

Their size and structure make them useful in nanoscale material arrangement.

33
Q

How many viruses can be found in a spoonful of seawater?

A

One million

Viruses are the most abundant natural component of aquatic ecosystems.

34
Q

What process do viruses undergo to infect cells?

A

Attachment, Entry, Replication, Assembly, Release

These steps outline the lifecycle of a virus during infection.

General Botany 🌿 (7 decks)

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