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General Botany 🌿 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is plant taxonomy concerned with?

A

Plant taxonomy classifies plants based on their relationships and divides them into species.

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2
Q

Who founded modern plant taxonomy?

A

The Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus.

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3
Q

What are fungi?

A

Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be yeasts, molds, or both forms.

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4
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrition?

A

Fungi digest food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes.

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5
Q

What are the divisions of fungi proposed by Alexopolous and Mims?

A

Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota, and Amastigomycota.

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6
Q

How are fungi classified based on nutrition?

A

Saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic.

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7
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

Chitin and polysaccharides.

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8
Q

What is a mycorrhiza?

A

A symbiotic association between fungi and plants.

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9
Q

What type of reproduction do fungi undergo?

A

Both sexual and asexual reproduction.

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10
Q

What is a significant role of fungi in ecosystems?

A

Recycling dead and decayed matter.

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11
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic microorganisms with a simple internal structure.

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12
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

An extra circular DNA in bacteria that provides antibiotic resistance.

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13
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually through binary fission.

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14
Q

Name a beneficial use of bacteria.

A

Lactobacillus converts milk into curd.

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15
Q

How can harmful bacteria be controlled?

A

By sterilization, disinfectants, UV radiation, and pasteurization.

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16
Q

What are the types of fungi that cause human diseases?

A

Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and systemic mycoses.

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17
Q

What are primary pathogenic fungi?

A

Fungi that can establish infections in normal hosts.

18
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Fungi that cause infections in individuals with compromised immune systems.

19
Q

What is the main difference between yeasts and molds?

A

Yeasts are single-celled and reproduce by budding, while molds have filamentous structures called hyphae.

20
Q

What is the role of hyphae in fungi?

A

Hyphae form a mesh-like structure called mycelium, which helps in nutrient absorption.

21
Q

What are basidiospores?

A

Sexual spores produced by Basidiomycetes.

22
Q

What is binary fission in bacteria?

A

A method of asexual reproduction where a single bacterium divides into two identical daughter cells.

23
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Bacteria that survive in extreme environments, such as high temperatures or acidic conditions.

24
Q

Name a bacteria used in antibiotic production.

A

Penicillium, which produces penicillin.

25
Q

How do bacteria help in digestion?

A

Certain bacteria, like Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, improve gut health and immunity.

26
Q

What are the main shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), and Spirilla (spiral-shaped).

27
Q

How can bacteria undergo genetic recombination?

A

Through conjugation, transformation, or transduction.

28
Q

What is a cryophile?

A

A type of extremophile that thrives in extremely cold environments.

29
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

By producing spores such as ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.

30
Q

What are some harmful effects of fungi?

A

Food spoilage, plant diseases, and human infections.

31
Q

What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous fungal infections?

A

Exogenous infections are acquired from external sources, while endogenous infections arise from within the host.

32
Q

Yeasts are microscopic fungi reproduce by…….

A

Budding

33
Q

Molds occur in long………known as……. and grow by………

A

filaments, hyphae, apical extension

34
Q

Superficial mycoses?

A

Restricted to the outer surface of the hair and skin

35
Q

Cutaneous mycoses?

A

Causes disease in the non living tissues of skin, hair or nails/claws
By growing above the protein keratin.

36
Q

The hyphae together form a mesh like structure called?

A

Mycelium

37
Q

Fungi are eukaryotic non-vascular motile

A

False
It is non-motile

38
Q

Fungi produce a chemical called……which leads to sexual reproduction in fungi.

A

Pheromone

39
Q

The sexual mode of reproduction in fungi is called

A

Teleomorph

40
Q

The only shared organalle between animal, plant and bacteria cells is?

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

Example of Autotrophic Bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria

General Botany 🌿 (7 decks)

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