lecture 9 Flashcards
What is behaviourism?
personality is the sum of everything a person does (behaviourism is the observable part)
- Habituation, classical condiitoning, higher order conditioning, learned helplessness, and operant conditioning
Habitatuation
- behaviour change in response to experience
- can habituate violence from media
classical conditioning
- stimuli that occur close together in time will elicit same response
- learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour
- dog salivates over food -> dog does not salivate over a bell -> ring bell as dog salivates over food -> dog salivates bc bell
- unconscious
little albert
- humans shaped by environment (fears are learned)
- not afraid of something until it was associated with something he was scared of (made a loud sound whenever albert saw a rat, therefore he became scared of rats even without the loud sound)
higher order conditioning
conditoned stimulus acts as an unconditioned stimulus
- can opener + food causes cat to salivate
- squeaky cabinet door + can opener causes cat to salivate bc he associated can opener with food
- squaker cabinet door causes cat to salivate
example
- certain song (NS) + dancing with partner (US) → pleasant feelings (UR)
- certain song (CS) → pleasant feelings (CR)
- car (NS) + certain song (CS) → pleasant feelings (CR)
- car (CS) → pleasant feelings (CR)
learned helplessness
- behavior pattern where individual believes that their environment is unpredictable and nothing they do matters (Nothing I do matters → learned helplessness, depression)
- symptoms of depression found in humans (lethargy, sluggishness, passive in the face of stress and appetite loss)
Learned helplessness in humans (Hiroto, 1974)
- Three groups
- Controllable noise condition: could terminate noise by pressing buttons
- Uncontrollable noise condition: noise shut off independent of participant’s
behavior
- third group: no noise
- Second phase: all groups exposed to noise that could be terminated
- Results??
operant conditioning
persons behaviour is a direct result of environment
- shaped by rewards/punishments
- a good result makes behaviour more likely
- training a dog to sit by giving them a treat
- mostly done consciously
positive reinforcement
- something added to increase likelihood of a behaviour (praise for good grades)
- presenting pleasent stimulus after desired behaviour to increase said behaviour
negative reinforcement
- something removed to increase likelihood of a behaviour (cleans room to avoid nagging)
- removing unnpleasent stimulus after desired behaviour to increase said behaviour
positive punishment
- something added to decrease likelihood of a behaviour (scolding child for fighting)
- presenting unpleasent stimulus after undesired behaviour to decrease said behaviour
negative punishment
- something removed to decrease likelihood of a behaviour (phone taken away after not studying)
- removing pleasent stimulus after undesired behaviour to dencrease said behaviour
shortcomings of behaviourism
- depends on an individuals unique learning history
- ignores social learning; humans interact differently than animals
- can/should we develop a society where behaviour is engineered through operant?
- who deides good behaviour?
- pigeon thing
- During World War II, Project Pigeon (later Project Orcon, for “organic control”) was American behaviorist B. F. Skinner’s attempt to develop a pigeon-guided missile. The control system involved a lens at the front of the missile projecting an image of the target to a screen inside, while a pigeon trained (by operant conditioning) to recognize the target pecked at it. As long as the pecks remained in the center of the screen, the missile would fly straight, but pecks off-center would cause the screen to tilt, which would then, via a connection to the missile’s flight controls, cause the missile to change course.
Contributions of behaviourism to personality
- Establishing psychology as an objective science ??
- Recognition of the impact of environment
- Watson challenged eugenics movement in psychology
- Technology of behavior change
- Phobias, addictions, emotional and behavioral disorders
- Generalizability and long-term effectiveness questionable
social cognitive learning theories
insight learning
- preparation (gain information)
- incubation (information reflected in back)
- insightful experience (solution found)
- verification (solution acted on)
bandura
- observational learning - learning that forms on the basis that personality is social
- cognitive processes - mediate link between stimulus and response
self-efficacy
- feelings of adequacy, efficiency, and competence
- efficacy expectations influence which activities are chosen or abandoned
- belief that you are capable of doing what you want
Mischel cognitive
- affective personality system (CAPS) theory
- importance of situational variables and cognititve qualities
- units and categories
- behaviour is not the result of some global personality trait; instead CAPS and situation
- Personality: stable system that mediates how individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behavior
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
- personal qualities that affet how information is processed and ahow behavioural decisions are made
- Affect: feelings, emotions, and affective responses
Competencies and self-regulatory systems and - Plans: cognitive abilities and skills, knowledge, ability to self-regulate
encoding
- how information about things are processed, stored and used
expectations and beliefs
- about social world, and outcomes of behaviours in certain social situations
goals and values
- life goals and values, desirable outcomes, and aversive outcomes
everyones pattern of contingencies is unique
BEATS
beliefs, goals, and action tendencies
- needs->goals->BEATS->personality traits
cybernetic big five theory
neuroticism
- sensitive to uncertainty, threats/punishments
- activation triggers flight/fight/freeze
extraversion
- sensitive to rewards
- social interaction is highly rewarding; therefore interacts more socially
agreeableness
- alturism and cooperation
- in coordination of goals
conscientiousness
- selection and prioritzation of goals
- makes sure you follow through on goals
openness
- perception and imagination
intellect
- causal and logical reasoning
motivation
goals drive behaviour by influencing what one attends to, thinks about, and does
- Idiographic goals are unique to the person
- Nomothetic goals are common to all
incremental view of intelligence
- intelligence is mallaeble
- can change with effort
Entity view of intelligence
- intellience is fixed
- cannot change with effort
emotions
set of mental and physical procedure
- apprasial, physical responses, facial expressions, non verbal behaviour (same time or diff order is possible too)
- can be because of immediate stimuli, classical condiitong, memories or thoughts
Some emotions may be universal because they were evolutionarily advantageous. It may be advantageous to be able to perceive these emotions accurately in others.
emotional experience
- individual differences in emotions are core aspects of personality.
- Preference for emotions
- Affect intensity
- Rate of change
- Emotional intelligence: accurate perception of emotions in oneself and others; good regulation of one’s emotions
- Alexithymia; inability to identify, express or descrive ones own emotions
