lecture 1 Flashcards
PSYC 2130 lecture 1 material
What are the theoretical Approaches?
name and explain all 5 (TBPLP)
Trait approach
- how people differ psychologically, and how to measure the differences
- funny, lazy, relaxed, cheerful
Biological approach
- mind in terms of biology
- evolution, physiology, genetics
- example: depression as a function of abnomral levels of neurotransmitters
Psychoanalysis approach
- unconcious mind and internal mental conflict
- example: anxiety results from metal conflict
Learning approach
- how behaviour changes as a result of rewards, punishment, and life experiences
- radical behaviourism
- pavlov dog theory
Phenomenological approach
- focus on conscious experience of the world
- humanistic psychology
- how conscious awareness produces uniquely human traits (anxiety, free will)
-cross culture psychology
how the expereince of reality varies across culture
what is personality
comes from the word “persona”
an individuals unique and consistant patterns of thinking, feelings, and behaving (psychological triad)
- can differ based on enviornment (nature vs. nurture)
what are the 4 personality research methods?
self data
- ask the person about themselves
behaviour data
- observe the person
informant data
- ask someone who knows them well
life-outcome data
- look at their life
What is self-data? (S)
methods, advantages, disadvatages
ask person about themselves
Methods
- people evalutate their own personality (questionnaires; true/false, open ended, rating, rosenberg self-esteem scale)
Advantages
- vast amount of information (you know yourself)
- efficacy expectations (act nice because you think youre nice)
- self-verifications (you act nice because you think youre nice, and you want others to see that)
Disadvantages
- bias; overly positive or negative, desire for privacy
- error; lack of self insight, carelessness, fish-and-water effect (experiencing emotions without recognizing them as emotions)
- response style; neutral or extreme responding
Behaviour data (B)
methods, lab, ethical issues
observe the person
Methods
- natural; based on real life
- naturalistic observation
- social media
- may be difficult if individual is aware of being observed
Lab
- experiements
- make a situation happen, and record behaviour (would likely not occur in a real life scenario)
- represents real life thats difficult to observe
- games; checks heartrate
- advantages
- range of contexts
- many judgements needed
- disadvantage
- expensive
- reactions could be for different reasons
- marshmellow experiment
ethical issues
- not always consensual
- can cause emotional distress
- cornell facebook; manipulating news feed to become more negative
- things can be legal and unethical
Informant data (I)
advantages, disadvantages
asking someone they know well
advantages
- based on large amount of information
- based on real life observations
- based on common sense; a kind action makes people think youre kind
- definitional truth (likability)
- reputation affects opportunites and expectancies
- expectancy effects behaviours
disadvantages
- limited behavioural information
- lack of access to private experiences
- error
- more likely to remember extreme behaviours
- bias
- personal issues/prejudice = incorrect information
Life-outcome data (L)
methods, advantages, disadvatages
look at persons life
methods
- obtained from archival records or self-report
- results = residue of personality
- someone who grew up in a stable household will be more stable later in life
adavatages
- objective
- intrinsic importance (value on its own)
- psychological relevance
disadvantages
- multi-determination
- difficult to access
- may violate privacy
what are some personality tests??
S
- most personality tests provide s data, how you describe yourself
- provide clear questions
- (are you a shy person?)
B
- performance based instruments
- intelligence tests
- provides ambiguous questions
- (I prefer a shower over a bath)
projective tests
- inner psychological states, motivations, needs, feelings, experiences, thought processes
theory
- inner psychological needs
what is the rorschach ink blot test?
what it means, what it determines about your personality
interpertations determine intelligence/ types of thinking
depends on the following:
- if you mention thewhole picture/part of picture
- if you see a human form
- how many things you see in the picture
- the colours you mention determine your mood/ emotions
what is the tematic apprerception test
why its not good, what methods, what it is
not good
uses B data
what it is
making stories based on your interpertation of a picture
- analysis
- hero
- main person in the picture
- needs
- what the heros goal is
- press
- any factor blocking the hero from achieving goal
- theme
- anything
- outcome
- what happened in the end
what are objective tests?
consist of questions that are answered as true/false, or on a numeric scale
OCEAN
what does “OCEAN” stand for?
O - Openess
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticsm
the big five personality test created by Costa and McCrae
describe the 5 characteristics in OCEAN
Openness
- willingness to try new things
- most conservative trait
- imagination, actions
- liberal, do drugs, play an instrument, astrology
Conscientiousness
- organized, thorough, planful
- academic and job success
- less popular, less creative
Extraversion
- social, outgoing, active, dominant
- higher status, good leaders
- takes more risks
- happy, healthy long lives
Agreeableness
- conformity, friendly, likeability, sympathetic
- cooperative
- woman are higher in this trait
- psychologically well adjusted
Neuroticism
- emotional instability, moody, anxious, unhappy
- ineffecitve problem solving
- sensitive to social threats
- social problems
what is funders first law?
great strengths are usually great weaknesses