lecture 1 Flashcards

PSYC 2130 lecture 1 material

1
Q

What are the theoretical Approaches?

name and explain all 5 (TBPLP)

A

Trait approach
- how people differ psychologically, and how to measure the differences
- funny, lazy, relaxed, cheerful

Biological approach
- mind in terms of biology
- evolution, physiology, genetics
- example: depression as a function of abnomral levels of neurotransmitters

Psychoanalysis approach
- unconcious mind and internal mental conflict
- example: anxiety results from metal conflict

Learning approach
- how behaviour changes as a result of rewards, punishment, and life experiences
- radical behaviourism
- pavlov dog theory

Phenomenological approach
- focus on conscious experience of the world
- humanistic psychology
- how conscious awareness produces uniquely human traits (anxiety, free will)
-cross culture psychology
how the expereince of reality varies across culture

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1
Q

what is personality

A

comes from the word “persona”
an individuals unique and consistant patterns of thinking, feelings, and behaving (psychological triad)
- can differ based on enviornment (nature vs. nurture)

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2
Q

what are the 4 personality research methods?

A

self data
- ask the person about themselves

behaviour data
- observe the person

informant data
- ask someone who knows them well

life-outcome data
- look at their life

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3
Q

What is self-data? (S)

methods, advantages, disadvatages

A

ask person about themselves
Methods
- people evalutate their own personality (questionnaires; true/false, open ended, rating, rosenberg self-esteem scale)

Advantages
- vast amount of information (you know yourself)
- efficacy expectations (act nice because you think youre nice)
- self-verifications (you act nice because you think youre nice, and you want others to see that)

Disadvantages
- bias; overly positive or negative, desire for privacy
- error; lack of self insight, carelessness, fish-and-water effect (experiencing emotions without recognizing them as emotions)
- response style; neutral or extreme responding

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4
Q

Behaviour data (B)

methods, lab, ethical issues

A

observe the person
Methods
- natural; based on real life
- naturalistic observation
- social media
- may be difficult if individual is aware of being observed

Lab
- experiements
- make a situation happen, and record behaviour (would likely not occur in a real life scenario)
- represents real life thats difficult to observe
- games; checks heartrate
- advantages
- range of contexts
- many judgements needed
- disadvantage
- expensive
- reactions could be for different reasons
- marshmellow experiment

ethical issues
- not always consensual
- can cause emotional distress
- cornell facebook; manipulating news feed to become more negative
- things can be legal and unethical

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5
Q

Informant data (I)

advantages, disadvantages

A

asking someone they know well
advantages
- based on large amount of information
- based on real life observations
- based on common sense; a kind action makes people think youre kind
- definitional truth (likability)
- reputation affects opportunites and expectancies
- expectancy effects behaviours

disadvantages
- limited behavioural information
- lack of access to private experiences
- error
- more likely to remember extreme behaviours
- bias
- personal issues/prejudice = incorrect information

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6
Q

Life-outcome data (L)

methods, advantages, disadvatages

A

look at persons life
methods
- obtained from archival records or self-report
- results = residue of personality
- someone who grew up in a stable household will be more stable later in life

adavatages
- objective
- intrinsic importance (value on its own)
- psychological relevance

disadvantages
- multi-determination
- difficult to access
- may violate privacy

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7
Q

what are some personality tests??

A

S
- most personality tests provide s data, how you describe yourself
- provide clear questions
- (are you a shy person?)

B
- performance based instruments
- intelligence tests
- provides ambiguous questions
- (I prefer a shower over a bath)

projective tests
- inner psychological states, motivations, needs, feelings, experiences, thought processes

theory
- inner psychological needs

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8
Q

what is the rorschach ink blot test?

what it means, what it determines about your personality

A

interpertations determine intelligence/ types of thinking
depends on the following:
- if you mention thewhole picture/part of picture
- if you see a human form
- how many things you see in the picture
- the colours you mention determine your mood/ emotions

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9
Q

what is the tematic apprerception test

why its not good, what methods, what it is

A

not good
uses B data
what it is
making stories based on your interpertation of a picture
- analysis
- hero
- main person in the picture
- needs
- what the heros goal is
- press
- any factor blocking the hero from achieving goal
- theme
- anything
- outcome
- what happened in the end

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10
Q

what are objective tests?

A

consist of questions that are answered as true/false, or on a numeric scale
OCEAN

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11
Q

what does “OCEAN” stand for?

A

O - Openess
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticsm

the big five personality test created by Costa and McCrae

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12
Q

describe the 5 characteristics in OCEAN

A

Openness
- willingness to try new things
- most conservative trait
- imagination, actions
- liberal, do drugs, play an instrument, astrology

Conscientiousness
- organized, thorough, planful
- academic and job success
- less popular, less creative

Extraversion
- social, outgoing, active, dominant
- higher status, good leaders
- takes more risks
- happy, healthy long lives

Agreeableness
- conformity, friendly, likeability, sympathetic
- cooperative
- woman are higher in this trait
- psychologically well adjusted

Neuroticism
- emotional instability, moody, anxious, unhappy
- ineffecitve problem solving
- sensitive to social threats
- social problems

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13
Q

what is funders first law?

A

great strengths are usually great weaknesses

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