lecture 2 Flashcards
PSYC 2130 lecture 2 material
chapter 4
Are peoples behaviours always consistant with their personalities?
no
some people who are talkative in class, might not be as talkative at a party; there are always exceptions as situations also control behaviour
- personality may not be as important to behaviours as most people think; traits do exist, but change according to situations
Can personality be used to predict behaviour?
if you know someones score on a trait, you should be able to forecast what this person will do; very limited capacity.
- some behaviours and people are more consistant than others
Why is a correlation of .40 not small?
- a correlation of .40 means that a prediction of behaviour based on a personality-trait score is likely to be accurate 70% of the time; decently high
Absolute vs. Relative Consistency
almost everyone will be more talkative at a party, but only some will also be talkative while standing in line
- personality manifests relative consistency rather than absolute consistency
to what extent will an individuals behaviour remain the same through different situations in comparison to other people
- it comes down to individual differences
Are person perceptions fundamentally mistaken?
people’s everday perceptions of one another, consist a large degree of judgments of personality traits; which could be related to the situation
- they can be false depending on your stance on the situation; can cause misunderstandings
what is self-monitoring? (single trait approach)
- being able to accurately answer questions regarding your own personality; standard measure of self-monitoring
high self monitoring
- carfully survey every situation to understand the most appropriate way to act, and adjust their behaviour
- less judgeable
- adaptable, flexible, sensitive
- two faced, slick, wishy-washy
- easier to figure out emotions
low self monitoring
- consistent; behaviour is guided by their inner personality
- more judgeable
- self-directed, integrity, honest
- insensitive, inflexible, stubborn
if you prefered to be either one, thats likely the option that you got
Traits and elements of Narcissism
narcissus fell in love with himself; excessive self love
traits
- charming, manipulative, negative
- nice at first; arrogant and entitled later on
why?
- inflated self concept
- inability to delay gratification
- feel superior to others, but dont feel good about themselves
elements
- entitlement/ exploitativeness (obnoxious)
- leadership/ authority (charisma)
- higher life satisfaction
- inflated egos
impulsvie senestation seeking
- adventures, and thrills
- susceptibility to boredome
behaviour correlates to
- reckless driving
- substance abuse
- higher crime rate
- many sexual relations
What is the many-trait approach
correlations between one behaviour and many traits
for example:
- leadership : emotionally stable, agreeable, social
What is the California Q-set?
people order judgements of personality into 9 categories; relating to a specific person (characterisitic or non-characteristic)
- most items are placed in the center (neutral)
- forces people to judge items against each other
*- used for politcal beliefs *
-
- and talking
- how often people said certain words in comparison to others; certain words being used more often correlates to personality
Who is Henry Murrary?
- inventor of thematic apperception test
- theory of personality based on needs and press
needs
- for : aggression, sex, play, etc
- people constantly experience needs
- overcontrolled supress
- undercontrolled engage
- produces tension in which an organsim attempts to reduce
press
- enviornmenal factors frustrating that fulfilment; a boulder blocking your trail
- can create psychological distress
personality is the reflection of behaviour controlled by needs
what did Allport do?
- went through a dictionary and noted every personality trait
- 4504 traits and organized them
- brought personality into mainstream
- challenged freud on unconscious processes as determinants of personality
- unconcious processes dont affect personality
-
cardinal
- most dominant feature affecting all aspects of behaviour
- love, integrity, leadership
- most dominant feature affecting all aspects of behaviour
-
central
- 5-10 most important traits that influence behaviour in different situations
- aggressiveness, self pity, sociability
- 5-10 most important traits that influence behaviour in different situations
-
secondary
- minor individual traits
- like food preference
- minor individual traits
Who is Raymond Cattell?
- influenced by allport
- traits are relatively permanent tendencies that are the basic structure of personality
-
lexical hypothesis
- important aspects of life will be labelled with words
- factor analysis
- reduced long list (4504) to 171
- administered items based on these traits (171)
- 16pf; widely translated
- used in research, clinical diagnosis, job selection
- father of trait approach
- prediction of human behaviour as accurately as astronomers predict planet movement
- heredity
- twin studies
- 1/3 of personality come from heredity
- factor analysis not as objective as cattell suggested
What did Hans Eyesenck discover?
type-trait theory
- traits determine behaviour
- traits are derived from types which are higher synthesis of traits
- traits are based on heredity, neurology, and biology
2 basic personality dimensions
- introversion-extraversion
- neuroticism-normality
PEN-model
- psychoticism verse impulse control
- introversion vs extraversion
- personality dynamics result from the interaction of these major types
Fiske; what they did
- big five; rating scale
- social adaptability
- conformity
- will to achieve
- emotional control
- inquiring intellect
Consistency across time and situations regarding OCEAN (big five)
- a persons big 5 can change based on environment and situations
- personality profiles differed across culture
- americans and europeans higher on extraversion
- personality profiles differed across culture
- changes across life span reflect life challenges
- openness declines with age
- there are gender differences
- genetic influence for everything but agreeableness
