Lecture 9

Question 1

Postfigurative cultures

Answer 1

The socialization is almost only done by parents. Until recently, adolescents could only learn from adults how to become successful adults. This shift was in the last 100 years.

Question 2

Cofigurative cultures

Answer 2

Cultures in which young people are socialized by adults and each other. In this culture, society changes so quickly that much of what parents can teach their children may be outdated when adolescents become adults.

Question 3

Prefigurative cultures

Answer 3

Following culture, in which adults are socialized by adolescents.

Question 4

Four developments during adolescence in peer groups:

Answer 4

1. Time spent with peers sharply increases
2. Peer groups are functioning without the supervision of parents
3. There is more contact between mixed-sex groups.
4. Children’s peer groups consist mostly of small group, whereas adolescents’ groups are often larger, called crowds.

Question 5

Cliques

Answer 5

Small, tightly-knit groups, based on common activities or friendships. Allows adolescents to learn social skills

Question 6

Crowds

Answer 6

Bigger groups of peers based on reputation and stereotype. Allows adolescents to create a sense of identity

Question 7

Crowds as a reference group

Answer 7

Crowds are used as a group against which an individual compares themselves. It has an important influence on individuals’ behaviour, activities, and opinion about others

Question 8

Iatrogenic effects

Answer 8

Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or invention

Question 9

Selection in friends

Answer 9

Friends choose each other because of the characteristics they share

Question 10

Socialisation in friends

Answer 10

Friends influence each other’s characteristics during the friendship.

Question 11

Sociometric popularity

Answer 11

Refers to how well-liked someone is

Question 12

Perceived popularity

Answer 12

Refers to how much status or prestige someone has

Question 13

Instrumental aggression

Answer 13

Individuals who use their aggression strategically and selectively, more popular than reactive aggression students

Question 14

Reactive aggression

Answer 14

Individuals whose aggression is unplanned and frequent

Question 15

Relational aggression

Answer 15

Aggression intended to harm others through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and relationships

Question 16

Hostile attribution bias

Answer 16

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions as deliberately hostile

Question 17

The paper by Kaufman & Baars

Answer 17

Sexual minority youth experience more microaggressions, these microaggressions lead to more depressive symptoms through rumination.

Question 18

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 18

The psychological needs: esteem needs and belongingness and love needs. Belonging: horizontal, equal relations. Esteem: vertical relations, some are better than others

Question 19

Peer relations in the brain

Answer 19

The importance of peer relations is seen in the brain, the same part of the brain is activated when someone is hurt as when someone is excluded

Question 20

Passive peer influence

Answer 20

Imitating, social learning theory, doing what everybody else is doing

Question 21

Active peer influence

Answer 21

Reinforcement, if you do this then…

Question 22

In-degree nominations

Answer 22

Receiving nominations for affection (horizontal) or status (vertical)

Question 23

Out-degree nominations

Answer 23

Giving out nominations for affection (horizontal) or status (vertical)

Question 24

Bullying from a functional perspective

Answer 24

Bullies’ goal is to achieve status (vertical goal) without losing affection (horizontal goal)

Question 25

Bullying from an evolutionary perspective

Answer 25

Relates to popularity, resources and mating options