Lecture 8 Flashcards
Self-fulfilling prophecy in parenting
The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as being difficult, the more they expect their child to conform to it, and the worse their relationship will become.
Shaping values and beliefs
Parents and their children often have the same beliefs, as they share socioeconomic, regional and cultural background. But there is a generational gap.
Family systems theory
An organized whole consisting of interrelated parts that influence each other. Family relationships change most dramatically when individual family members or the family’s circumstances change, this is because at that moment the family’s equilibrium is upset.
Midlife crisis
When the children reach adolescence, a lot of parents reach a midlife crisis, this can alter the relationship.
Sandwich generation
Parents are in between their adolescent children and their ageing parents.
Familism
Many immigrant families place high value on placing the needs of one’s family above the needs of the individual.
Generational dissonance
The different expectations between immigrant parents and teenagers are a significant source of stress for adolescents and parents. Even more when the teenager adopts the values of the new country.
Parental responsiveness
The degree in which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an acceptive, supportive manner
Parental demandingness
The extent to which the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behaviour
Shared environmental influences
Influences are non-genetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other in personality and behaviour
Non-shared environmental influences
Influences are non-genetic influences in individual’s lives that make them different from the people they live with
Diathesis-stress model
A perspective on psychological disorders that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a pre-existing condition (the diathesis) and exposure to stress in the environment
Differential susceptibility theory
Whereas the diathesis-stress model suggests that groups are likely to do worse in a negative environment, this theory suggests a group sensitive to both positive and negative environments
Family stress model
Shows how poverty and economic pressure affects the quality of interparental relationships, which in turn impacts on child outcomes.
Independence
The individual’s capacity to behave on their own
Autonomy
Not only behaving on their own, but also feeling independent and thinking for oneself.
Emotional autonomy
Establishing more adultlike and less childlike close relationships with family and peers
Spillover
From one subsystem to another
Compartmentalization
Strict boundaries between the subsystems
Authoritative parenting
High responsiveness, high demandingness
Engage, encourage autonomy, involved. Consequences: independence and autonomy
Authoritarian
Low responsiveness, high demandingness
Strict rules and expectations. Consequences: obedient, low self-confidence
Indulgent
High responsiveness, low demandingness
Little parental guidance, very responsive
Consequences: less mature and responsible, impulsive
(Is possible to emotionally secure and independent behaviour)
Indifferent
Low responsiveness, low demandingness
No parental guidance, uninvolved, no communication
Consequences: impulsive, delinquency, mature earlier
Expectancy violation-realignment theory
Discrepancy between adolescents feeling independent, and parents not feeling ready to give independence
Social domain theory
Discrepancy between personal versus other domain issues. Parents feel like they have something to say about the personal domain of the adolescent, while the adolescent does not
Assumption ‘shared environment’
Within each family, the same processes are at play for all parent-child dyads
Parental differential treatment
H1: Each sibling experiences peak in conflict when they reach adolescence
H2: Learning from experience, firstborn peak, second born flatter
H3: Spillover, second born happens at the same time as firstborn
Stage-environment fit theory
Adolescents will do better when their environment fits their developmental level. Parental behaviour does not fit with adolescents’ needs means adolescent maladjustment
