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Neuro > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

maintain balance
maintain muscle tone/posture
coordinated movements (corrective feedforward/backwards roles)
motor learning/cognitive-motor role
DOES NOT initiate motor commands

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2
Q

cerebellum pathway of motor planning/learning

A

anterior association area -> premotor cortices -> pons -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> premotor/primary motor cortices

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3
Q

equilibrium

A

ability to maintain balance
vestibular nuclei in brainstem play primary central role

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4
Q

cerebellum location

A

posterior fossa of skull
attached to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles
forms the roof of fourth ventricle

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5
Q

brainstem structures

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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6
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

dural “roof” that separates cerebellum and occipital lobe

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7
Q

fourth ventricle

A

CSF cavity located posterior to pons

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8
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

CSF pathway/conduit that connects the third and fourth ventricles

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9
Q

vermis

A

midline region of cerebellum

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10
Q

cerebellar hemispheres

A

intermediate hemispheres (paravermis) = medial portion of hemispheres
lateral hemispheres = large outer portion of hemispheres

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11
Q

flocculondular lobe

A

horizontal lobe located in the anterior region of cerebellum
oldest part of the cerebellum
can only be seen in the anterior view

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12
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

three bundles of white matter that contain incoming and outgoing axons which transmit information to and from the cerebellum
*cerebellar peduncles physically connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

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13
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

three pairs of nuclei located within the cerebellum
fastgial nuclei
interposed nuceli
dentate nuclei

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14
Q

fastigial nuclei

A

associated with vermis pathways
most midline

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15
Q

interposed nuclei

A

associated with paravermis pathways
two nuclei form interposed nuclei = emboliform nuclei, globose nuclei

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16
Q

dentate nuclei

A

associated with lateral hemispheres pathways
most lateral

17
Q

arteries of the cerebellum

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

18
Q

flocculonodular lobe function

A

balance and vestibulo-ocular control
coordinated eye movement = smooth pursuit, saccades

19
Q

vermis function

A

trunk and proximal limb coordination

20
Q

paravermis (intermediate hemisphere) function

A

distal limb coordination/fine motor movement

21
Q

lateral hemisphere function

A

coordination of motor planning for complex movement/learning

22
Q

flocculonodular lobe pathway

A

input = vestibular nerve (CN 8) and vestibular nuclei
deep cerebellar nuclei = none
output = vestibular nuclei in brainstem to control eye movements and balance/equilibrium

23
Q

vermis pathway

A

input = spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious proprioception) from trunk/proximal limbs, vestibular nuclei and visual information
deep cerebellar nuclei = fastigal nuclei
output = medial motor tracts in the spinal cord for trunk/proximal muscles

24
Q

paravermis pathway

A

input = spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious proprioception) from limbs, motor cortex via pontine nuclei
deep cerebellar nuclei = interposed nuclei
output = red nucleus via rubrospinal tract, send fibers to thalamus and motor cortex via lateral motor tracts of spinal cord that control distal limb movement

25
Q

lateral hemispheres pathway

A

input = motor association cortex via pontine nuclei
deep cerebellar nuclei = dentate nuclei
output = thalamus/cortex - information allows planning/learning complex movement in motor and somatosensory cortices, red nucleus - influences lateral motor tracts to assist in motor learning

26
Q

pathological gaits associated with neurological conditions

A

cerebellar ataxic gait = wide BOS, arms out
hemiplegic gait = circumduction
spastic diplegic = CP
neuropathic gait = neuropathy foot drop
parkinsonian gait = shuffling, bradykinesia
choreiform gait = dancelike movement

27
Q

cerebellar gait

A

standing posture = may see postural sway, wide base of support
ataxic gait = clumsy movement w/ wide BOS, arms out to maintain balance, difficulty walking in straight line or in tandem, veering to one side, uncoordinated movement of LE and UE

28
Q

cerebellar lesions

A

DO impair motor activity
DO NOT result in motor paralysis
DO NOT impair ability to consciously detect sensory input
localization of lesions = not as precise as the cortex and proves challenging
unilateral = functional motor loss with be ipsilateral
bilateral = bilateral functional motor loss

29
Q

hypotonia

A

reduced/decreased muscle tone
flappy, rag-doll, loose appearance, pt looks drunk
clinical exam procedures = observation, passive ROM, pendular deep tendon reflexes

30
Q

disequilibrium

A

loss of balance
clinical exam procedures = standing balance tests, observation of gait, tandem walking, objective outcome measures

31
Q

dyssyngeria

A

loss of coordinated movement activity
dysarthria
dystaxia
dysmetria
tremor - intention tremor
dysdiadochokinesia
nystagmus
decomposition of movement
rebound (aka overshooting)

32
Q

dysarthria

A

uncoordinated speech, difficulty articulating, slurring
clinical exam procedures = observation (listening) of speech

33
Q

dystaxia

A

ataxia, lack of coordination in the execution of learned voluntary movement
clinical findings = observation of trunk stability in sitting, standing posture, gait, ADL

34
Q

dysmetria

A

overshooting, inability to stop muscular movement at a desired point in space
clinical exam = finger to nose test, heel to shin test, point-to-point (finger to finger) test

35
Q

intention tremor

A

tremor that occurs with precise voluntary movement, oscillations occur/increase as patient approaches target
clinical exam = observe patient perform a precision task, observe during the finger to nose, heel to shin

36
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapid alternating or repetitive movement, disruption of the timing of the movement
clinical exam = ask patient to perform rapid alternating movement, rapid supination/pronation, rapid flat hand tapping

37
Q

nystagmus

A

ocular dysmetria or spontaneous eye movement, rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs
clinical exam = observe patient’s eyes when looking at extremes or moving in certain directions

38
Q

dyssynergia

A

decomposition of movement = breaking down of smooth muscle activity into jerky, awkward fragments, poor timing
clinical exam = observe patient performing specific activity, patient’s movement is fragmented in individual steps

39
Q

rebound

A

innaccurate return extremity to start position after forceful resistance
clinical exam = arm pull/extended test

Neuro (21 decks)

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