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Neuro > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

thalamus location

A

right and left thalami are in the lateral regions of the diencephalon - “sit on top of the brainstem”

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2
Q

diencephalon contains

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus

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3
Q

thalamus blood supply

A

deep branches of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and the posterior communicating arteries

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4
Q

thalamus function

A

relays and regulates all sensory information (except CN1) going to the cortex - “gateway to the consciousness”

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5
Q

thalamus visual function pathway

A

eye -> thalamus -> area 17 -> secondary/associative visual cortices

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6
Q

thalamus auditory function pathway

A

ear -> thalamus -> area 41 -> secondary/associative auditory cortices

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7
Q

thalamus somatosensory function pathway

A

body -> thalamus -> area 3,1,2 -> secondary/associative somatosensory cortices

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8
Q

basal ganglia

A

relays motor information

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9
Q

cerebellum

A

relays motor information

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10
Q

limbic system

A

relays information relating to fear, memory, learning and other human behaviors/needs

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11
Q

reticular connections

A

relays information that modify and regulate consciousness, sleep/wake cycles, alertness, pain, etc.

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12
Q

thalamic nuclei

A

specific nuclei that are responsible for relaying information to different regions of the cortex
Medial Geniculate (MGN)
Lateral Geniculate (LGN)
Ventral posterior medial (VPM)
Ventral posterior lateral (VPL)
Ventral lateral (VL)

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13
Q

Medial Geniculate (MGN)

A

Information coming from: Brainstem
Information going to: Primary Auditory Cortex, Brodmann 41
Location on Thalamus: Posterior small bump, medially
Type of information carried: Auditory

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14
Q

Lateral Geniculate (LGN)

A

Information coming from: the eye
Information going to: Primary Visual Cortex, Broadman 17
Location on Thalamus: Posterior small bump, laterally
Type of information carried: Visual

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15
Q

Ventral Lateral (VL)

A

Information coming from: Basal Ganglia (BG) and Cerebellum
Information going to: Primary and Premotor Motor Cortex, Broadman 4,6
Location on Thalamus: Mid thalamus, laterally
Type of information carried: Motor information

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16
Q

Ventral posterior lateral (VPL)

A

Information coming from: Spinal Cord
Information going to: Primary Somatosensory Cortex – Broadman 3,1, 2
Location on Thalamus: Posterior lateral Thalamus
Type of information carried: Somatosensory Information of Body

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17
Q

Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM)

A

Information coming from: Cranial Nerves
Information going to: Primary Somatosensory Cortex- Broadman 3,1,2
Location on Thalamus: _Posterior medial
Type of information carried: Somatosensory Information of Head

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18
Q

thalamic pain syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome)

A

“lacunar stroke” or “small vessel stroke” occurs in posterior thalamus and damages the somatosensory pathways that transmit information to the cortex
symptoms: contralateral loss of sensation, neuropathic pain

19
Q

nociceptive pain

A

“peripheral pain”
non-neural tissue damage/injury produces peripheral pain response
nociception that originates from stimulation in peripheral nerve endings

20
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain caused by disease/injury to the nervous system
the sensation of pain (nociception) that originates from dysfunction of the damaged nervous system structures

21
Q

thalamic pain syndrome

A

an example of neuropathic pain

22
Q

basal ganglia location

A

in the diencephalon and midbrain (mesencephalon)

23
Q

basal ganglia lesion

A

initiation and execution of movement is impaired - “too much or too little” movement
hyperkinetic or hypotonic

24
Q

cerebellum lesion

A

motor tone, balance/posture and coordination (synergy) are impaired

25
Q

basal ganglia structures

A

caudate nucleus = large horn shaped structure that wraps around other basal ganglia structures, contains amygdala at one end
nucleus accumbens = junction of caudate and putamen, role in pleasure/reward processing
putamen = oval shaped structure located lateral to the globus pallidus nuclei
globus pallidus = 2 structures: external and internal, medial to putamen,
subthalamic nuclei = inferior to the thalamus
substantia nigra = located in the midbrain of the brainstem

26
Q

basal ganglia blood supply

A

majority supplied by small penetrating branches of MCA known as lenticulostriate arteries
smaller portion of basal ganglia supplied by ACA

27
Q

basal ganglia function

A

initiating and executing movement

28
Q

basal ganglia pathway

A

anterior association area -> premotor cortices/motor cortex -> basal ganglia -> thalamus -> premotor/primary motor cortices

29
Q

basal ganglia motor loop

A

modifies the motor plan to initiate (activates) and execute movement
premotor/motor cortex send motor plan -> putamen of basal ganglia -> BG sends a copy of plan to direct and indirect pathway -> globus pallidus internus packages finalized plan -> thalamus sends to motor cortex to execute

30
Q

basal ganglia association (cognitive) loop

A

learning and choosing the best ways to initiate and execute movement

31
Q

basal ganglia limbic loop

A

supplies emotional input to the motor plan and influences how movement is initiated (activated) and executed

32
Q

hypokinetic disorder

A

disease/pathology that decrease dopamine
Ach dominates motor plan and suppress movement
person has difficulty initiating and executing movements

33
Q

hyperkinetic disorder

A

disease/pathology that decrease Ach
dopamine dominates motor plan and promotes too much movement
person experiences too much movement (constant initiation and execution of abnormal movements)

34
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowed movement

35
Q

rigidity

A

increased resistance to passive ROM
lead-pipe rigidity = resistance persists throughout the range of movement
cogwheel rigidity = periodic resistance at different points throughout the range of movement

36
Q

dystonia

A

involuntary, sustained or intermittent, muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both
can affect one muscle, a muscle group, or the entire body i.e. cervical dystonia

37
Q

athetosis

A

slow, continuous involuntary writhing movement
writhing twisting movement of limbs (hands/feet), trunk or face

38
Q

chorea

A

ongoing random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments
continuous dancelike involuntary movements

39
Q

choreathetosis

A

athetosis movements combine with chorea type movements

40
Q

ballismus

A

flailing, flinging or rotary movements of proximal limbs
hemi-ballismus = associated with lesion of subthalamic nuclei

41
Q

tic

A

repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements

42
Q

tremor

A

rhythmic back and forth or oscillating involuntary movement

43
Q

myoclonus

A

sequence of repeated, often non-rhythmic, brief shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary contraction or relation of one or more muscles

44
Q

clonus

A

muscular spasm involving repeated, often rhythmic, rapid contraction/relaxation

Neuro (21 decks)

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