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Neuro > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

three meningeal layers of CNS

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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2
Q

two layers of dura mater

A

periosteal (endosteal) layer = adheres to inner surface of skull
meningeal layer = fused with periosteal layer except sinua and dural folds, forms a sheath for the cranial nerves to exit skull

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3
Q

dural folds

A

falx cerebri = divides R/L hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli = separates cerebellum from hemispheres
falx cerebelli = divides R/L cerebellar hemispheres

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4
Q

dural sinuses

A

large venous channels that are formed within the layers of the dura

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5
Q

5 dural sinuses

A

superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
straight sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus

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6
Q

arachnoid layer

A
  • anchored to pia layer via arachnoid trabeculae allowing a little mobility with stability
  • cerebral blood flow occurs
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7
Q

pia layer

A
  • cerebral arteries penetrate to supply blood in the brain tissue
  • pia anchors to glial membrane layer - glial layer formed by astrocytes
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8
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of meningeal layers of CNS, viral or bacterial causes
  • Brudzinski’s or Kernig’s test
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9
Q

epidural space

A
  • potential space between the fused dura and skull
  • does not exist in healthy individual -> hematoma or infection may grow or create epidural space
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10
Q

epidermal hematoma

A

hemorrhage into space due to trauma, rupture of middle meningeal artery

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11
Q

bridging veins

A

travel through subdural space (potential space between dura and arachnoid) to drain the veins of cerebral hemispheres into the venous sinuses

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12
Q

subdermal hematoma (hemorrhage) SDH

A

rupture of bridging veins as they pass from brain to venous sinus, they cross suture lines
- associated with high mortality

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • space between arachnoid and pia matter
  • contains CSF and CNS arteries, CSF protects (cushions) the brain
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14
Q

arachnoid trabeculae

A

in subarachnoid space “anchoring” to pia layer,
arachnoid trabeculae help anchor brain

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15
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

small sub-arachnoid “out-pockets” of subarachnoid space that interfere with the dura sinuses
- one way valves allowing CSF to flow from arachnoid granulations into dural sinuses

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16
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage SAH

A

artery ruptures in subarachnoid space, often due to saccular (berry) aneurysms rupture
“worst headache of my life”

17
Q

cisterns

A

widened areas of subarachnoid space

18
Q

lumbar cistern

A

located caudal to T12/L1, site for lumbar puncture

19
Q

lumbar puncture LP

A

CSF accessed at the lumbar cistern, obtain sample, measure CSF pressure, remove CSF to treat hydrocephalus, inject pharmaceuticals

20
Q

ventricular system

A

cavities within the brain and spinal cord that contain circulating CSF

21
Q

lateral ventricles

A

R/L, form C-shaped horn, most superior space

22
Q

foramen of Monro R/L

A

interventricular foramen that connects the R/L lateral ventricles with the third ventricle

23
Q

third ventricle

A

located in midline between the R/L thalamus

24
Q

cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)

A

connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle, located in midbrain between tectum and tegmentum

25
Q

fourth ventricle

A

located posterior to the tegmentum of the pons, CSF fluid exits through foramen of Luschka and R/L lateral foramen of Magendie

26
Q

central canal of spinal cord

A

midline of spinal cord, CSF from fourth ventricle also circulates within the spinal cord via central canal

27
Q

CSF function

A

protects brain, remove waste products from metabolism, provide stale environment for interstitial fluid of brain tissue

28
Q

total quantity of circulating CSF

A

150mL

29
Q

CSF flow pressure gradients

A

hydrostatic pressure in subarachnoid space > pressure in dural sinuses
- gradient allows CSF to flow from arachnoid granulations into venous sinuses
- at least 1mmHg greater
- dural sinus pressure is 5mmHg
- rate of CSF flow into venous sinus is critical for maintaining appropriate CSF volume

30
Q

hydrocephalus

A

blockage of CSF flow in ventricle system or imbalance of CSF production/reabsorption

31
Q

lumbar puncture pressures

A

sidelying = 8-15mmHg
sitting = 14-22 mmHg

32
Q

blood brain barrier BBB

A
  • barrier between circulation and the CNS
  • substances allowed to flow to and from CSF are tightly controlled by physical characteristics of choroid capillary wall and choroid cell
  • interface between brain capillaries and brain tissue
33
Q

ependymal cells

A

line the walls of the ventricles

34
Q

choroid plexus

A
  • specialized vascular structures located in the lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles
  • produce CSF
  • lined with choroid epithelial cells
35
Q

function of BBB

A
  • monitor nutrients and electrolyte balance
  • prevent circulating transmitters (AcH, dopamine, and NE/E) from entering CNS
  • prevent toxins, large molecules and water soluble molecules from entering CNS

Neuro (21 decks)

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